Electrovalent Bonding

In similar manner by which polar Water Molecule unlike atoms (Hydrogen Atoms 78 / Oxygen Atom ID (210) of Figure (3-27) take-on opposite electrical Charges (B+ / B-), other gas-atoms molecule (s) experience the same Electrical Charge Effect (q - q') when covalent-electron sharing occurs, as illustrated in polar-molecule Carbon Dioxide CO2 (910) of Figure (9-2) as to allotropic molecule of Ozone 03 (930) of Figure (9-4). 

 (210) of Figure (3-27) 

 

 (910) of Figure (9-2) 

 

 

 

 (930) of Figure (9-4) 

 

 

 Carbon Dioxide molecule 0>2 (910) Electrovalent Bonding forces (q - q') comes into existence when unlike Carbon Atom (902) shares electrons with each of two Oxygen Atoms (901a / 901b) since the accepted and captured covalent electrons migrates toward both oxygen atom (901a and 901b) nucleus proton-cluster of eight particles having a greater total positive static charge than Carbon Atom (902) nucleus proton-cluster of only six ... forming polar charged (B+ / B- ) Carbon Dioxide CO2 molecule (910). 

 The additive two captured/accepted electrons (total ten 10 electrons as to only eight B protons) causes both oxygen atoms (901a / 90lb) to individually take-on a negative electrical charge (B-) while the center positioned Carbon Atom (902) emanates a positive electrical charge (B+) of equal but opposite electrical intensity (q - q') when its shared electrons is/are being used/accepted by unlike oxygen atoms (901a / 901b). 

 N itrogen Dioxide N02 (940) of Figure (9-5) is another example of polar electrical charging (q _ q') of two unlike atoms forming a stable molecule wherein a Nitrogen Atom (N) (903) covalently interlocks with two Oxygen Atoms (904a / 904b). 

 Identical gas-atoms of Oxygen Atoms (905a / 905b 1905c) of Figure (9-4) further exhibits Electrical Charging Effect (q - q') since in all cases the second Electron Shell (L-orbit) can accept up to eight (8) electrons to cause molecule stabilization. 

 

 Transitional gas-molecule of Oxygen 02 combines together two oxygen atoms (906a / 906b) in this way while allowing the donor oxygen atom (906b) to except another oxygen atom (905c) of Figure (9-4) since it's L-Orbit (Outer Shell) still has available two " Electron-Gaps " for covalent Linkup , as illustrated in (920) of Figure (9-3).  

 Electrical Charging Effect (q -g') is Electrical Attraction Force (q - q') of opposite electrical polarity between the established positive (B+) electrically charged atom (s) and the negative (B-) electrical charged atom (s). 

 Electrical intensity of Opposite Electrical Attraction Force (q-qa'- 907a + q-qb' - 907b) (herein after called Electrovalent Bonding ) (total electrical bonding force between two opposite electrical charged atoms) are equivalent to the total number of electrons being used/accepted by the host atom (s) having the greater positive charged (B+) nucleus as so established under the laws of physics which states for " every action there is an equal and opposite reaction ". 

 This is possible due the fact that all orbiting individual electrons display their own negative electrical charge (B-) whereas each proton-particle separately supports a positive electrical charge (B+) 

 ... both opposite electrical charged particles (Proton as to each Electron) being equal in electrical magnitude (B+ / B-). 

 And due to the fact that the oxygen atom does not take-on an electromagnetic charged field since its electrons pair together and spin in opposite direction .