**Voltage potential** (65) is an "unaltered" or "unchanged" energy-state when "**electron movement**" or "**electron deflection**" is prevented or restricted within **electrical circuit** (190) of Figure (3-23).
| Figure (3-22) | Figure (3-23) |
These electrical "**forces**" are known as ''**voltage fields**" and can exhibit either a **positive** (66) or **negative** (67) electrical charge.
Likewise, **Ions** or **charged particles** (*atoms having missing or sharing electrons between unlike atoms*) within **electrical circuit** (60) having unlike electrical charges are attracted to each other. **Ions** or **particle** **mass** having the same or like electrical charges will **move away** from one another, as illustrated in (220) of Figure (3-29).Furthermore, electrical charged **ions** or **particles** can move toward stationary voltage fields or **voltage zones** (66/67) of opposite polarity, and, is given by **Newton's second law** (Eq 12)
[](https://stanslegacy.com/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/o7n7q3jbD3GdVPg3-image-1703232231619.png) Where, the **acceleration** (A) of a **particle mass** (M) acted on by a **net force** (F).Whereby, net force (F) is the "electrical attraction force" (qq') between opposite electrically charged entities (210) of Figure (3-27), and, is given by Coulomb's law (Eq 13)
[](https://stanslegacy.com/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/tX4hAL0Cj88g0P45-image-1703232254437.png)Whereas, difference of potential between two charges is measured by the work necessary to bring the charges together, and is given by (Eq 14)
[](https://stanslegacy.com/uploads/images/gallery/2023-12/y0mkeGwuGl3kVn4p-image-1703232346301.png)The potential at a point to a **charge** (q) at a **distance** (R) in a medium whose **dielectric constant** is (e).