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Stan’s Legacy The Stanley Meyer Archive

A Perspective View on Water as Fuel — the printed pages, transcribed

22 September 2026

A Perspective View on Water as Fuel: An Endless Source of Clean Energy

Stanley A. Meyer’s paper to the Fourth International Symposium on New Energy, Denver, 1997 — the last paper he published. Transcribed here in full from nine photographs of the printed proceedings taken by the archive, page 115 to page 121, each page’s text set beside the sheet it was read from.

The paper is transcribed page by page rather than as continuous prose, so that any sentence can be checked against the photograph directly above it. Where a sentence runs over a page break it is left broken, as the printing breaks it. Spelling, punctuation and the printers’ slips are as they stand on the page: “many more more pending” and “mircro-wave” on 115, “an compressional voltage wave guide” and “required to dissociates” on 119 and 120, an unclosed bracket in the last paragraph of 120, “Gary L. Johnson” on 119 against “Gray L. Johnson” on 121, and a missing opening quotation mark on Professor Bailey’s line on 121.

The volume

![The cover of the proceedings: “The Fourth International Symposium on New Energy”, sponsored by the Academy for New Energy.](https://assets.stanslegacy.com/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel/cover.jpg) ![The contents. Meyer sits between Roy E. McAlister on “Safe and Dependable Hydrogen Storage” and Andrew Michrowski on “Scalars Waves Reviewed”; Eugene F. Mallove opens the volume with “How We Won the Cold Fusion War”, and Joseph Newman’s energy machine follows. The photograph is cropped at the right margin, so the page numbers are not readable on it; the numbering below comes from the pages themselves.](https://assets.stanslegacy.com/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel/contents.jpg)

The company is worth reading on its own. It puts Meyer in a particular room in his last year — Mallove opening the volume on cold fusion, McAlister on hydrogen storage, Michrowski on scalar waves and Brown’s gas straight after him — and it is the audience the endorsements on page 121 were assembled for.

The paper, page by page

Page 115

![Page 115. The title, the abstract, and “Tapping the Energy of the Atom”.](https://assets.stanslegacy.com/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel/page-115.jpg)

A Perspective View on Water as Fuel: An Endless Source of Clean Energy

Stanley A. Meyer

Abstract - Flexing the atom as an energy generator is as basic as science itself … for without the atom having the capability to release energy, our universe would not exist as we know it. Using “Electrical Stress” to oscillate the combustible gas atoms of water to cause “Particle Oscillation” as an “Energy Generator” is by far the most economical way to tap into Zero Point Energy … instantly releasing thermal explosive energy (gtnt) up to and beyond 2.4 million barrels of oil per gallon of water … while being environmentally safe. Oscillating the atom under pulsating electrical stress for energy enhancement is herein called “Voltage Tickling of State Space” … establishing the Universal Consistency Theory of Energy … that the atom is an “Energy Transporter.”

Tapping the Energy of the Atom

“Particle Oscillation as an Energy Generator” is the word group that best describes the process, as applied to the Water Fuel Cell Technology of Inventions, that has resulted in 26 U.S. and international patents with many more more pending. Scientists have long observed that oscillating atoms stimulated in different ways at a given or particular resonant frequency results in the release of energy from the atom. Thomas Edison demonstrated “Particle Oscillation” very effectively by using current flow to oscillate the atom of a filament in a light bulb to produce light energy. Gordon Gould used “Particle Oscillation” by causing an atom to absorb and then reradiate amplified, coherent photon energy in the device known as the LASER. The precursor to the LASER or MASER used in “Particle Oscillation” by absorption and re-radiation of electromagnetic energy to cause mircro-wave propagation known as “telecommunication.” Musical instruments, such as a trumpet or violin, incorporate the use of a sound box to amplify sound waves, thus also using “Particle Oscillation” by absorbing and re-radiating amplified acoustical energy. This causes the atom to vibrate physically. In all cases, the atom is absorbing and re-radiating different types of energy at an amplified level.

Nature itself demonstrates “Particle Oscillation” as an “Energy Generator” in many ways. What causes lightning or fuels the power in a hurricane or tornado? In each case, the common denominator is the flexing or oscillating of the water molecule. Lightning is caused when the storm front electrically flexes the water molecule atoms being exposed to opposite electrically charged storm clouds. Flexing of the water molecule present in the vortexing air stream making up or forming a hurricane or tornado releases tremendous energy that aids in the air stream. The vortexing current of air moving upward creates opposite electrical stress in the electrically charged atmosphere of the moving air stream. This stress flexes the atoms electrically to release the energy to power the hurricane or tornado.

Page 116

![Page 116. “Endless Sea of Energy” and “Pulsating Electrical Stress … The Answer”.](https://assets.stanslegacy.com/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel/page-116.jpg)

Endless Sea of Energy

Where, then, does this energy come from and how does this energy emanate from the atom? Under pulsating electrical stress, an energy aperture, located in the centre part of the nucleus of the atom, is physically forced open to allow a greater amount of energy to come into, through and beyond the energy spectrum of the atom … releasing energy through the atom into our physical universe. This was quantified by Einstein’s equation E=MC². When Einstein square the speed of light, he realized the potential of light energy was greater than the third dimension in which we exist. This Universal or Zero Point Energy continuously comes into our third dimension through the atoms’ energy apertures. It allows all atomic structures in the third dimension either to be created or maintained in the state of atomic equilibrium.

If this were not so, then all life forms as we know them would not exist. How is it that a tiny seed can create a giant redwood tree or the baby in a mother’s womb undergo atomic structuring to sustain life? Neither the seed nor the mother takes in enough solar energy or food to be able to produce even one atom. How is it that our universe is continuing to expand as mass is being created in our physical universe? The energy to recreate the universe and life as we know it seems to emanate from the nucleus of the atom, through the energy aperture. Thus, all atoms function as an “Energy Generator.” This is forcefully demonstrated by a thermonuclear device which actually opens, then destroys, the energy aperture of the Uranium 235 and 238 atoms.

Pulsating Electrical Stress … The Answer

Until now, the process of oscillating the atom to release energy has required a large energy input. The key is to trigger this process with a low energy input. This makes the process economically feasible and usable to the average consumer. The use of voltage fields of opposite polarity across the bipolar charged water molecule accomplishes this feat. This causes electrical stress which causes the atoms of the water molecule to go beyond the state of atomic equilibrium and to disassociate or split into its component gases, hydrogen and oxygen.

At about 40 kilovolts, the gases automatically ignite, causing thermal explosive energy (gtnt). At even higher voltage, and at the resonant frequency of the water molecule, the energy aperture is opened and tremendous amounts of energy can be released in a controlled state. This unique approach does not consume large amounts of energy, since voltage is not consumed in an electronic circuit. Energy is not being created nor destroyed, but released from the atom.

The WFC development of the EASER® (Optical Thermal Lens, WFC Memo 429) technology further harnesses this power, but without destroying the atom and its energy aperture. This energy release in the EASER® is caused by simply flexing the hydrogen atom (or any other atom) in a vacuum environment by electrical stress of pulsating opposite voltage potential. The EASER® thus becomes a “Miniature Controllable Sun” under a controlled state.

The most common element on our earth is the hydrogen atom. Hydrogen has been called the perfect fuel because of its great energy and availability. The oxygen atom is the sustainer of our life. The combination of the hydrogen and oxygen, which we call water, is both life giving and cleansing. Using water as a clean recyclable energy source is quite apropos. Simply separate the water molecule into its component gases of hydrogen and oxygen, ignite these combustible gases to release thermal explosive energy (gtnt) and allow the water molecule to reform to start the gas ignition process over and over again without destroying the atomic structure of the water molecule. Thus, man’s age old dream can now be realized … to use “Water as Fuel®.”

Page 117

![Page 117. “Full System Approach” and “Renewing Our Air”.](https://assets.stanslegacy.com/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel/page-117.jpg)

Full System Approach

In terms of system design, the WFC Water Fuel Injector®, where the water droplets are instantly converted into hydrogen and oxygen gases and are ignited in pulsating opposite voltage fields, is design variable. The Injector is a variant of the WFC Resonant Cavity® which enhances the energy output of the WFC energy process. The WFC Resonant Cavity® takes on different physical and electrical characteristics to meet the various energy needs. For example, in the automotive transportation area, the WFC Resonant Cavity® becomes a WFC Water Fuel Injector®. It replaces the standard sparkplug in a conventional gasoline internal combustion (I.C.) Engine, Injector Ports in a Diesel I.C. Engine, or Injection Nozzles for Jet Engines, without the need for an engine change. The Water Fuel Injector® can be designed in a cluster-array for the application to existing industrial boilers or industrial batching processes, as in the WFC Burner Nozzle Assembly®. In these cases, the Water Fuel Injectors® are specifically designed to instantly convert water droplets into thermal explosive energy (gtnt) on demand. This allows the Water Fuel Injection® technology to be in compliance with the U.S. National Security Energy Act of 1992. This act requires that oxygen must be used in the combustion of the hydrogen gas to run any I.C. Engine. In the case of such new fuels, oxygen must be added to the fuel combustion process. However, one of the benefits of water is that it supplies its own oxygen.

Also, converting the water droplet into thermal explosive energy (gtnt) per injection cycle now allows the WFC technology to be in compliance with the U.S. National Safety Guidelines. These guidelines are met by preventing an explosion during vehicle collision, since water is the safest storage medium for hydrogen. Obviously, hydrogen is contained in the water where it cannot burn.

Renewing Our Air

The development of the WFC Air Reclaimer® technology leads the way to eliminate the possibility of nitrous oxides or other undesirable gases from being expelled through the vehicle exhaust system. The two to one mix of hydrogen to oxygen in the water molecule is contained throughout the WFC Water Fuel Injection® process, thus insuring only a negligible amount (if any occurs) of nitrous oxide will be formed. The by-product of the Water Fuel Injection® process is water mist. This mist goes back into the environment, and is reenergized by the incoming sunlight (sun rays) (Photo energy absorption). Then, it can be caught again as rain water and recycled through the I.C. Engine. This can be done as either an open or a closed loop-system utilizing a solar transmittance feedback collector-plate apparatus.

The WFC technology, in using water as a new fuel source, allows the I.C. Engine to help repurify the air by (1) preventing the extraction of oxygen (O₂), which we need to breathe, out of the air, (2) eliminating chemical oxides from spewing into our atmosphere as now occurs when fossil fuel is being used as a prime energy mover, (3) revitalizing the energy levels of the air molecules by the use of the WFC Gas Processor® and (4) separation of chemical oxides that are already in the atmosphere, placed there by the use of fossil fuels for the past 70 years or so.

The WFC Air Reclaimer® technology can overcome the electrovalent bonding of these oxides in the same way the electrovalent bonding of the water molecule is disrupted, by placing the oxides through voltage zones of opposite polarities. Now, the I.C. Engine, instead of being a polluting system, becomes an air repurifying system. This reversal for the health and preservation of mankind can be found in few, if any, other technologies. These factors alone, in using water as a new fuel source, are gaining worldwide acceptance by many environmentalist groups around the earth.

Page 118

![Page 118. The environmentalists, and “Using “Water as Fuel”®”.](https://assets.stanslegacy.com/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel/page-118.jpg)

These groups are determined to reverse the great harm that’s being done to the Earths ecological life support system. This is being supported by the United Nations most recent global announcement that we must stop running vehicles on fossil fuels to prevent any further adverse weather conditions caused by global warming. In light of this warning and other obvious signs of grave danger to our planet, environmentalists around the world are communicating the benefits of WFC technology through the use of the Internet and the World Wide Web … forming, perhaps, the most powerful global political force in today’s world. They know that if we unite together in one accord, there is no power on Earth that can stop the environmentalists from reaching their goal of repurifying the air that we breathe.

Using “Water as Fuel”®

Most people think of using water for drinking, or washing their clothes, or watering their flowers to beautify their home. Today, we must think of water as a fantastic new fuel source, since water is two and one half times more powerful than gasoline. In the normal gas combustion process in the automobile, energy comes from the burning of the hydrogen in the gasoline. However, water contains two and one half times more hydrogen than gasoline. Now, through WFC technology, the energy in water can be released as thermal explosive energy (gtnt) or (grams tnt force power) in a continuum under safe and efficient control. This ranges from a release of energy equivalent to more than twice that of gasoline to the equivalent of over two million barrels of oil per gallon of water. The higher energy output is obtained using WFC energy priming techniques, in which the combustible gases from water are taken to subcritical states just prior to gas ignition.

This is achieved by causing ever greater pulsating electrical stress across, first, the water molecule and then, the hydrogen and oxygen gas atoms. Starting with WFC Electrical Polarization Process® and continuing through the WFC Hydrogen Fracturing Process®, more and more energy is released. This is done through techniques that prime the hydrogen and oxygen atoms and open up the energy aperture in the atoms to an increasing degree. Water can be instantly converted into thermal explosive energy (gtnt), when opposite electrical stress (opposite voltage fields) is applied across the bipolar electrically charged atoms of the water molecule. This is accomplished in the WFC Electrical Polarization Process®, where the water is disassociated (separated) into hydrogen and oxygen gas atoms. In this process, the negative voltage potential (B-) and the equally intense but opposite, positive voltage potential (B+) overcomes the electrovalent bonding force holding the hydrogen and oxygen atoms together in the water molecule. This causes the negative electrically charged oxygen atom to be electrically attracted to the positive stationary voltage zones (B+), while in the same instant of time, the positively charged hydrogen atoms are electrically attracted to the negative stationary voltage zone (B-).

This opposite electrical attraction force performs three functions in a sequence of events in an instant of time: (1) the water molecule now becomes elongated, (2) the time share rate of the covalent electrons moving between the atoms of the water molecule is changed, thus weakening the electrovalent bonding between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms and (3) pulsing and increasing the electrical stress across the water molecule weakens the electromagnetic field of the combustible gas atoms, causing covalent switch-off of the electrical attraction force that exists between the bipolar charged water molecule by reducing the spin/orbital velocity of their electrons undergoing and subjected to electrical stress. These three steps now allow the water molecule to separate into its component gas atoms with a low energy input. This input is highly voltage dependent and starts in the millivolts/milliampere range. However, amp leakage is always kept to a minimum, while the voltage increases substantially. Under normal gas com-

Page 119

![Page 119. The thermodynamics paragraph, and “WFC Water Fuel Injector®”.](https://assets.stanslegacy.com/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel/page-119.jpg)

bustion in an automobile, the energy equivalent to two and one half times that of gasoline can be released by increasing the voltage level up to and beyond 40 thousand volts (kilovolts). At this voltage level, the hydrogen and oxygen gases automatically ignite as they are disassociated.

This process is economical, since amperage is kept to a minimum and the voltage field of opposite polarity is not consumed in an electrical circuit. It is safe, since pure hydrogen is not stored, but ignited upon demand with the oxygen atoms from the water. Furthermore, the WFC Technology of Inventions does not create energy, but only releases the energy that is already present in the hydrogen and oxygen atoms, thus complying with the Laws of Thermodynamics. When electrically primed, the atoms become and function as “Energy Generators.” The Laws of Thermodynamics only apply once the energy is released from the atom. This unique disassociation or splitting of the water molecule was aided by the invention of the WFC Voltage Intensifier Circuit® (VIC). The VIC is especially designed to keep amp leakage to a minimal level to allow the voltage potential of opposite polarity to perform the work required to separate the atoms of the water molecule. This circuit, because of its mutual inductance/capacitance characteristics and its unique design, also allows voltage to be increased to the levels needed.

The WFC Technology of Inventions can be understood as a series of processes or inventions that lead to the grand result. Each process builds on and enhances what went previously. First, the WFC Electrical Polarization Process® causes the water molecule to be disassociated into its component gas atoms, hydrogen and oxygen. Then, though it is part of the same process, the pulsating electrical stress is now applied to the released hydrogen and oxygen atoms. As the voltage level is pulsed across the hydrogen and oxygen atoms, the electrons are forced farther away from the nucleus of the atoms. Their spin/orbital velocity decreases and the atom enters into a state of non-equilibrium. With each recurring pulse, the electrons jump to (an)other energy level (s), as the atom seeks to become stable. This causes the atom to oscillate and the phenomenon of “Energy Release through Particle Oscillation as an Energy Generator” occurs. An incremental step beyond, the shifting electrons are now ejected away from the elongated atom encountering electrical stress. This decrease in atomic mass flexes the entry aperture even greater … releasing far greater amount of thermal explosive energy (gtnt) from the atom than ever before.

WFC Water Fuel Injector®

To accomplish this release of energy through the energy aperture of the atom, the WFC Water Fuel Injector was specifically developed. Water droplets are metered into the tapered WFC Resonant Cavity® functioning as an compressional voltage wave guide. The water droplets, being exposed to the high voltage pulses of opposite polarity, are instantly converted into its component gases. Immediately thereafter, the liberated gases become ionized (Electron Ejection) under increased electrical stress and are finally expelled out of and away from the WFC Water Fuel Injector® nozzle port for gas ignition.

Various, independent university laboratory testing* has confirmed the importance of high voltage at low current in releasing energy from the water molecule. For example, Gary L. Johnson, Kansas state University, in his report titled “Electrically Induced Explosion in Water” verified that the loudness of the explosion increased as the voltage increased and the volume of the water decreased. Roy Azevedo, Peter Graneau and Charles Millet of Northeastern University and Neal Graneau of Kings College London, in their report titled “Powerful Water Plasma Explosions,” confirmed similar results in using high pulse-voltage (30 to 40 kilovolts range or higher) to instantly convert water to thermal explosive energy (gtnt).

The WFC Water Fuel Injector® is design variable to meet any energy need associated with the burning of fossil fuel. It can replace automobile spark plugs, diesel injectors, injector nozzles

Page 120

![Page 120. “WFC Technology Confirmed”, and the first two endorsements.](https://assets.stanslegacy.com/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel/page-120.jpg)

in jet engines and steam turbines, and nozzle thrusters in water powered rocket engines. In the full system engineering approach, programmable EEprom technology of electronic design insures WFC product security and reliability. The WFC Steam Resonator® (Trade Named “Heat Resonator®”) technology, previously mentioned, keeps the water from freezing while using the WFC Water Fuel Injector® for a given or predetermined application. By using the oxygen from the water molecule to support hydrogen gas combustion, the WFC Technology of Inventions is under compliance with the U.S. National Security Energy Act of 1992. Recycling water as a new fuel source is achievable, since the absorption of photon energy from the sun aids in revitalizing the water molecule after gas combustion beyond “Voltage Tickling of State Space.” The Earth’s ecological life support system can now be renewed by preventing the extraction of O₂ from the air during fossil fuel burning. This prevents further depletion of the Ozone Layer by eliminating running jet engines on fossil fuels and diminishes the greenhouse effect by preventing chemical oxides, derived from burning fossil fuels, from entering into the Earth’s air supply.

The use of the WFC Air Reclaimer® technology can now be used to eliminate airborne chemical oxides that already exist in the Earth’s atmosphere as a result of burning fossil fuel over the last seventy to eighty years. Furthermore, the WFC Technology of Inventions lends itself to mass production, since microelectronics and plastic mold injection, have been firmly established in the last fifteen years or so.

WFC Technology Confirmed

It has taken WFC since 1985 to convince the Scientific Community that their understanding of the water molecule and the forces acting on it needed to be changed. They had to understand that the water molecule is bipolar electrically charged, and that there is an electrical attraction force between the opposite charged atoms of the water molecule. That no electromagnetic force exists between the unlike atoms of the water molecule, since the eight electrons in the outer “L” orbit of the oxygen atom pair together and spin in opposite directions. The “L” orbit of the oxygen atom accepts up to, but no more than eight electrons, thus stabilizing the existence of the water molecule. The electrical attraction force intensity is equivalent to the two shared hydrogen electrons occupying the “L” orbit of the negatively charged oxygen atom. Applied voltage potential during pulsing of the water molecule is not consumed in the electronic circuit. The “Electrical Stress” of opposite electrical polarity does encourage “Particle Oscillation as an Energy Generator.” An external “Electrical Attraction Force” is all that is required to dissociates the water molecule. This stress is cause by opposite voltage fields acting on the water molecule. Finally, water droplets can be instantly converted into thermal explosive energy (gtnt) at higher voltage levels (typically up to and beyond 40 kilovolts of pulsating opposite electrical stress.

This information has been confirmed by many scientific journal reports produced by both Government and University testing laboratories, worldwide. Some of the confirming comments follow:

  1. 28th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference (IECEC), August 1993:
    “This is an accurate representation of the physical phenomena.” “It is verified by the testimony of multiple witnesses and repeated demonstration.”

  2. U.S. National Aeronautic and Space Administration (NASA) Documentation:
    “Has significant utility in the conduct of aeronautical and space activities as recited in 42 U.S.C. 2457.”

Page 121

![Page 121. Endorsements three to ten, the page most often quoted from.](https://assets.stanslegacy.com/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel/page-121.jpg)
  1. Ray Bachnak, Ph.D., Professor and Chairperson, Electrical Engineering Technology, Franklin University, Columbus, Ohio, 1996:
    “Based on the above analysis, in my opinion the circuit (WFC Voltage Intensifier Circuit) should perform its intended function.”

  2. Dr. T. Nagypal, University of Vienna and Technical Consultant Engineer to Industries:
    “But your theory works” … “The relative effectivity is about 300%.”

  3. Rea O’Neil, Professor of Science Technology, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland:
    “Meyer has obviously discovered some method of collecting the hydrogen different from the traditional methods (different from the electrolysis process)” … “I am convinced that the technology demonstrated is a novel and exciting technology and will provide an alternative fuel for use in motor vehicles in the not too distant future.”

  4. Admiral Sir Anthony Griffin, Controller of the British Navy (Retired), Perkins Report, 1993:
    “Sussex University had succeeded in producing hydrogen from a breadboard rig based on Meyers circuitry.”

  5. Professor Robert Bailey, Mechanical Engineering Department, Ohio State University, Grove City Record Article, March 6, 1996:
    There’s no doubt that it will work … (in reference to WFC Technology).

  6. Gray L. Johnson, Kansas State University, Titled “Electrically Induced Explosion in Water,” January 1992 … Water droplets conversion by pulsed discharge:
    “The loudness of the bang varied from just noticeable to very loud as the voltage increased and the volume of the water decreased” … “The current density for the smaller tubing was about 40% greater for the larger tubing, so perhaps current density (Electrical Stress) is more important to a water explosion than the actual current.”

  7. Roy Azevedo, Peter Graneau, and Charles Millet, Center for Electromagnetics Research, Northeastern University, Boston, USA’ “Powerful Water-Plasma Explosions,” July 1986 … Instantly converting water droplet to thermal explosive energy (gtnt):
    “It was also discovered in these low-current experiments that, in the absence of an arc plasma, quite strong electrolytic convection current through the saltwater created no explosion at all. Some electrolytic conduction is likely to take place right at the start of any discharged current pulse before arc (electrical stress gap/zone) formation. It will subtract from the strength of the explosion. This offers an explanation for the fact that explosions in tap water were nearly twice as strong as those in saturated saltwater. Distilled water seems to escalate the explosion even further, but it was difficult to break it down with voltages up to 30KV. A reduction in the strength of underwater arc explosions due to electrolytic current flow was also reported by Gilchrist and Crossland.”

  8. Professor Paul Czysz, Professor of Aeronautics, St. Louis University and NASA Consultant, Channel 4; London, England; Equinox Program titled “It Runs on Water:”
    Stan Meyer’s technology is characteristic of something that is tapping into Zero Point Energy.”

On the archive’s earlier text of this paper

The archive has carried a text of this paper since the old site was imported, at A Perspective View on Water as Fuel. It is labelled an excerpt, and comparing it against these photographs shows it is worse than that in places: its sentences are out of order where the page it was read from was curved, and the reordering is invisible unless you have the sheet in front of you.

Three examples. It has the section order of the printed paper wrong, and prints “Endless Sea of Energy” twice. It renders the opening of page 120 as “programmable Electronic Steam Resonator® (Trade Named ‘Heat Resonator®’) product security and reliability”, where the page reads “programmable EEprom technology of electronic design insures WFC product security and reliability. The WFC Steam Resonator® (Trade Named ‘Heat Resonator®’) technology, previously mentioned, keeps the water from freezing”. And it has Gray L. Johnson’s bang growing louder “as the voltage increased and the current decreased”, where page 121 reads “as the voltage increased and the volume of the water decreased” — the opposite claim about current, in a sentence about current.

That text also carries fourteen figures, and every one of them points at the old installation’s upload folder rather than at anything the archive keeps. These nine photographs are the first copy of this paper the archive holds outright.

No scan of the volume could be found to check the transcription against a second copy. The Institute for New Energy pages that carry the third symposium do not carry the fourth, and the Internet Archive has the 1993 symposium and not this one. Until a copy of the proceedings turns up, these photographs are the check.

Provenance

File
database/content/pages/isne-1997-water-as-fuel.json
Rights
Photographed by the archive from the printed proceedings and published here first; watermarked, and otherwise as photographed. The transcription is the archive’s, read from the photographs by eye; spelling and punctuation are as printed, including the printers’ slips.