0:00
NeuralStan
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This is One Microsecond, episode forty-two of NeuralStan, made by the archive at Stan's Legacy.
0:06
NeuralStan
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I am NeuralStan, and I am a machine, not a man.
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NeuralStan
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One other synthetic voice speaks.
0:12
NeuralStan
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Stan Meyer's is cloned from thirty seconds of him speaking in nineteen eighty-five.
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NeuralStan
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It reads only words he wrote, and every one is cited.
0:20
NeuralStan
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In two thousand and twelve, a laboratory at the University of Latvia built the core of the circuit his patents describe, and put it on an oscilloscope.
0:27
NeuralStan
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This film is about what they saw in the first microsecond.
0:33
NeuralStan
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The paper is Water Electrolysis with Inductive Voltage Pulses, by Martins Vanags, Janis Kleperis and Gunars Bajars, of the Institute of Solid State Physics in Riga.
0:44
NeuralStan
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It is a chapter of an academic book called Electrolysis, published open access, so the archive holds it whole.
0:53
NeuralStan
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In its review of pulse electrolysis it names three of Meyer's patents by number.
0:58
NeuralStan
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It says those patents started a huge interest, but that nobody had succeeded in interpreting the schemes, and nobody had repeated them experimentally.
1:05
NeuralStan
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Then the team built the heart of the circuit themselves, and measured it with proper instruments.
1:11
NeuralStan
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Here is their circuit.
1:13
NeuralStan
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A function generator switches a MOSFET, which puts a low square pulse, around a volt, across the primary of a transformer.
1:18
NeuralStan
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The transformer is wound bifilar, two wires twisted together, seventy-five turns each on a twenty-centimetre ferrite rod.
1:25
NeuralStan
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About two hundred and fifty microhenries.
1:27
NeuralStan
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From the secondary, a very fast diode feeds the cell: two stainless steel plates in water.
1:35
NeuralStan
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Set that beside Meyer's description of his own control circuit, in his international filing:
1:42
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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The circuit includes an isolation means such as a transformer having a ferromagnetic, ceramic or other electromagnetic material core, and having one side of a secondary coil connected in series with a high speed switching diode.
1:57
NeuralStan
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A transformer on a ferromagnetic core, and a high speed diode between the secondary and the water.
2:01
NeuralStan
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The same arrangement of parts.
2:03
NeuralStan
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What the Latvian circuit leaves out, the resonant charging chokes, we come back to at the end.
2:10
NeuralStan
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The important moment is when the MOSFET switches off.
2:13
NeuralStan
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A coil carrying current cannot stop that current instantly.
2:15
NeuralStan
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Its magnetic field collapses, and the coil raises whatever voltage it takes to keep the current moving.
2:21
NeuralStan
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Engineers call this the flyback, or the inductive kick.
2:25
NeuralStan
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It is how a twelve-volt battery fires a spark plug.
2:29
NeuralStan
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Meyer describes the same event in his patent for the fuel gas method:
2:35
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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As the stepped-up pulse enters first inductor, an electromagnetic field is formed around the inductor, voltage is switched off when the pulse ends, and the field collapses and produces another pulse of the same polarity.
2:47
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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Thus, a double pulse frequency is produced.
2:54
NeuralStan
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And in the international filing, he gives the diode the job of governing it:
2:59
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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The diode is an electronic switch that determines the generation and collapse of an electromagnetic field to permit the resonant charging chokes to double the applied frequency, and also allows the pulse to be sent to the resonant cavity without discharging the capacitor therein.
3:17
NeuralStan
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The Latvian circuit uses the collapse and nothing else.
3:19
NeuralStan
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The diode blocks the drive pulse and passes only the kick, a single spike about a microsecond wide.
3:26
NeuralStan
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Here is the rule that makes sense of everything that follows.
3:30
NeuralStan
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At the instant of switch-off, the coil holds a fixed amount of energy, set by its inductance and the current in it.
3:36
NeuralStan
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It will deliver that current.
3:38
NeuralStan
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What it does not decide is the voltage.
3:40
NeuralStan
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That is set by whatever is across it.
3:44
NeuralStan
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Put it across something that barely conducts, and the voltage climbs very high before the energy is spent.
3:48
NeuralStan
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Put it across something that leaks, and the current simply flows out through the leak at a low voltage.
3:53
NeuralStan
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The Latvian team saw exactly this.
3:56
NeuralStan
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In their words, the current peak does not change significantly with the concentration or the gap.
4:02
NeuralStan
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The voltage is what changes.
4:06
NeuralStan
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And here it is on their oscilloscope.
4:07
NeuralStan
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The same pulse, into the same cell, as they add alkali to the water a drop at a time.
4:15
NeuralStan
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In deionised water the pulse reaches about six hundred and forty volts, a microsecond after switch-off.
4:20
NeuralStan
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At one millimolar of potassium hydroxide, about four hundred.
4:24
NeuralStan
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A few millimolar more and it is under two hundred, and in ordinary electrolyte it settles at around nine volts.
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NeuralStan
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Same coil.
4:30
NeuralStan
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Same drive.
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NeuralStan
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The water decided.
4:36
NeuralStan
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Meyer wrote this down in his voltage control patent, one of the three the paper cites:
4:43
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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With the use of certain natural waters particularly sea water with a salt content or natural water with an iron or other mineral content, the natural water would have a tendency to draw current.
4:52
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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The passing of current as set forth above, would cause the voltage to drop and basically would curtail the operation of the generator.
5:03
NeuralStan
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Their next figure plots that peak against concentration, for four different electrolytes.
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NeuralStan
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Every curve falls off a cliff in the first few hundredths of a mole, and then lies flat.
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NeuralStan
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In a builder's terms: three millimolar potassium hydroxide is about a sixth of a gram in a litre of water, and it conducts about as well as hard tap water.
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NeuralStan
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By then the collapse pulse has lost most of its voltage.
5:26
NeuralStan
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One millimolar, about as conductive as ordinary tap water, has already cost a third of it.
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NeuralStan
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That is why Meyer's insistence on the water is not a detail.
5:35
NeuralStan
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His voltage control patent again:
5:40
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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The conditions set forth, in each instance were under actual conditions, with distilled water.
5:45
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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Distilled water, like air, having no conductive medium, will inherently inhibit electron leakage.
5:52
NeuralStan
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Their central finding comes from varying the gap and the water together.
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NeuralStan
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The front of the pulse, the charging, looks the same in every concentration.
5:59
NeuralStan
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What changes is the tail that follows.
6:03
NeuralStan
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Their reading is this.
6:05
NeuralStan
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For the first microsecond, the cell behaves as a good capacitor with a high Q, even at voltages where electrolysis could already happen.
6:12
NeuralStan
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Charge goes in and stays.
6:14
NeuralStan
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Only afterwards, in the slow discharge tail, does the stored energy turn into chemistry.
6:19
NeuralStan
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In their words, the charging of the cell can be separated from the electrochemical reactions.
6:26
NeuralStan
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Meyer's patent describes the water taking a charge in the same terms:
6:30
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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When water molecules are exposed to voltage at a restricted current, water takes on an electrical charge.
6:37
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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The pulse train is then switched off.
6:41
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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The voltage across the water capacitor drops to the amount of charge that the water molecules have taken on.
6:48
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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Voltage is maintained across the charged capacitor.
6:52
NeuralStan
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A capacitor that keeps its charge while the pulse is off.
6:54
NeuralStan
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In alkali, the Latvian cell held it for a few microseconds.
6:58
NeuralStan
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In deionised water, their figure eleven shows the tail lasting several times longer.
7:05
NeuralStan
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Why does the pulse have to be so short?
7:08
NeuralStan
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Because charging a capacitor is fast, and chemistry is slow.
7:11
NeuralStan
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A pulse that arrives in a microsecond puts charge on the plates before the reactions at the metal can catch up and carry it away as current.
7:17
NeuralStan
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A slow pulse gives the leak time to take over, and the cell behaves as a resistor instead.
7:25
NeuralStan
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And once the charge is in, something has to stop it running back into the coil.
7:29
NeuralStan
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That is the diode.
7:31
NeuralStan
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Meyer again:
7:34
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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The high speed switching diode shown in Figure ten prevents charge leakage from the charged water in the water capacitor cavity.
7:43
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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The pulse to the water capacitor is always uni-polar.
7:48
NeuralStan
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The Latvian diode switches in ten nanoseconds.
7:52
NeuralStan
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Meyer's filing names a six hundred volt fast switching diode.
7:55
NeuralStan
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Both circuits depend on the diode being far quicker than the pulse it passes.
8:00
NeuralStan
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The paper has one more observation, and it is the one a builder should look at hardest.
8:04
NeuralStan
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In deionised water the current through the cell swings negative during the pulse, to about minus seven tenths of an amp.
8:11
NeuralStan
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The diode should make that impossible.
8:14
NeuralStan
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At the same time, a microsensor beside the cathode shows dissolved oxygen rising, which should not happen at a cathode either.
8:21
NeuralStan
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When they retuned the generator so the negative swing disappeared, the oxygen fell away again.
8:27
NeuralStan
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The authors offer two explanations and do not choose.
8:30
NeuralStan
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One is that the high voltage pulse throws electrons out of the metal into the water.
8:34
NeuralStan
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The other is a stray inductance on the cell's side of the diode, in the wiring, ringing on its own.
8:41
NeuralStan
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For a builder, the second one is the practical warning.
8:44
NeuralStan
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Put your probe on the cell side of the diode.
8:47
NeuralStan
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If you see current running backwards there, your layout has inductance the diode cannot govern, and some of your charge is being pulled back out of the water.
8:56
NeuralStan
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The paper also reports efficiency, and those numbers are easy to misread.
8:59
NeuralStan
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Measured at the cell, about half the charge made gas, and the energy efficiency was about two thirds.
9:05
NeuralStan
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Recalculated from the primary side of the transformer, the same runs come out at ninety-four to ninety-seven percent.
9:13
NeuralStan
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The difference is where the boundary is drawn.
9:15
NeuralStan
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The second figure takes its voltage from the primary supply, about one and a half volts, instead of from the pulse at the cell.
9:22
NeuralStan
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The authors call that assumption not entirely correct, but acceptable.
9:25
NeuralStan
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The easy misreading is to quote ninety-seven percent as the efficiency of the circuit.
9:31
NeuralStan
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Nothing in the chapter passes a hundred.
9:34
NeuralStan
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And notice the water.
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NeuralStan
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Every efficiency run was made in potassium hydroxide, from a tenth of a mole up to three.
9:40
NeuralStan
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That is conventional electrolysis, the process Meyer set his work against:
9:48
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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In that process electrolyte is added to distilled water to draw current.
9:54
NeuralStan
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By the paper's own figures, in water like that the collapse pulse is down to a few volts.
9:59
NeuralStan
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The efficiency tables measure the circuit with its best feature switched off.
10:04
NeuralStan
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So it is worth being exact about what this laboratory did not build.
10:08
NeuralStan
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There are no resonant charging chokes; the diode feeds the cell directly.
10:12
NeuralStan
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There is no pulse train stepping the charge up; they studied single pulses.
10:17
NeuralStan
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Deionised water was used for the oscilloscope and oxygen work, but never for the efficiency runs.
10:22
NeuralStan
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The generator ran at a fixed half duty cycle, with no tuning to the cell.
10:26
NeuralStan
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And the cell is two small flat plates, not Meyer's tubes a sixteenth of an inch apart.
10:32
NeuralStan
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That makes it a foundation rather than a verdict.
10:34
NeuralStan
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With proper instruments, it establishes the first stage of what Meyer describes.
10:38
NeuralStan
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A fast collapse pulse, through a transformer and a diode, charges a water cell as a capacitor before it does anything else, and the purer the water, the higher the voltage it holds.
10:48
NeuralStan
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The archive's films Choking Coils and Twice the Pulse cover what the chokes add on top.
10:56
NeuralStan
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If you want to repeat their first result, it is cheap to do.
11:00
NeuralStan
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A MOSFET, a bifilar coil on a ferrite rod, a fast diode, two plates, and a two-channel scope.
11:04
NeuralStan
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Probe on the cell side of the diode.
11:07
NeuralStan
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Record the peak voltage, the width, and how long the tail lasts.
11:14
NeuralStan
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Start in deionised water, then add electrolyte a drop at a time, and measure the conductivity with a meter at every step.
11:19
NeuralStan
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The peak against conductivity is the first curve to draw, and theirs is in the archive to compare it with.
11:25
NeuralStan
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Watch for current running backwards.
11:27
NeuralStan
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And if you can, integrate voltage times current over the pulse.
11:31
NeuralStan
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That tells you the energy each pulse really delivers.
11:35
NeuralStan
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In their alkali cell it was about eight millijoules.
11:40
NeuralStan
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A laboratory with no stake in Meyer built the heart of his circuit, and found the water behaving as a capacitor, held at hundreds of volts by nothing more than a coil, a diode and its own purity.
11:50
NeuralStan
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That is where his patents begin.
11:56
NeuralStan
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Everything in this film is in the archive at stans legacy dot com.
12:00
NeuralStan
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Read the chapter for yourself, measure your own water, and sign up to take part.
12:05
NeuralStan
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Every source in this film is in the archive.
12:08
NeuralStan
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The addresses are on the screen.