0:00
NeuralStan
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This is Choking Coils Can Raise the Voltage, the first film in a series made by the archive at Stan's Legacy.
0:05
NeuralStan
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I am NeuralStan, and I am a machine, not a man.
0:10
NeuralStan
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Two other voices speak in this film, and neither is a person.
0:12
NeuralStan
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One is Stan Meyer's, cloned by a machine from thirty seconds of him speaking in nineteen eighty-five.
0:18
NeuralStan
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The other speaks for Charles Steinmetz, the great electrical engineer of the eighteen nineties.
0:23
NeuralStan
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The archive knows of no recording of Steinmetz's voice, so his is a stock synthetic voice.
0:28
NeuralStan
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Each of them reads only words they wrote or said, and every one is cited.
0:34
NeuralStan
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Stan Meyer's Voltage Intensifier Circuit, the V, I, C, is usually argued about as if it were new physics.
0:39
NeuralStan
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This series makes a different case.
0:41
NeuralStan
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Nearly every part of that circuit has a name, a formula and a worked explanation in the electrical textbooks of the eighteen nineties, and the archive holds those textbooks.
0:53
NeuralStan
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The first is John Ambrose Fleming's The Alternate Current Transformer, from eighteen ninety-six.
0:59
NeuralStan
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Fleming taught electrical engineering in London and went on to invent the thermionic valve.
1:04
NeuralStan
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The second is the work of Charles Proteus Steinmetz, General Electric's consulting engineer, who taught a generation of engineers how to calculate alternating current.
1:12
NeuralStan
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This film is the overview.
1:14
NeuralStan
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It walks the whole circuit once, part by part.
1:17
NeuralStan
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The films that follow take one part each, and there is a written tutorial on the site that goes with them.
1:23
NeuralStan
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Here is the whole map.
1:25
NeuralStan
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Meyer's pulsing transformer is what Fleming calls an induction coil.
1:29
NeuralStan
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His water cell is a condenser, and, as he says himself, a leaky one.
1:33
NeuralStan
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His resonant charging choke is what Steinmetz calls series inductance in a condenser circuit.
1:40
NeuralStan
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His amp restriction is what Fleming calls impulsive impedance.
1:42
NeuralStan
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The resistive wire he chose for his chokes decides between two kinds of motion Fleming describes.
1:48
NeuralStan
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And his resonance scanning answers a warning Fleming printed in eighteen ninety-six.
1:55
NeuralStan
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Start with the transformer.
1:57
NeuralStan
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Meyer described it in the German magazine raum und zeit, in nineteen ninety.
2:01
NeuralStan
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The pulsing transformer, he wrote, steps up voltage amplitude or voltage potential during pulsing operations.
2:08
NeuralStan
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And then:
2:10
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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Voltage amplitude or voltage potential is increased when secondary coil is wrapped with more turns of wire.
2:17
NeuralStan
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That is Fleming's induction coil, described in Fleming's terms: a primary of few turns, a secondary of many, one magnetic circuit.
2:24
NeuralStan
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Meyer's own pencil pages of nineteen eighty-seven give two hundred turns against eighty-four thousand five hundred, a ratio of four hundred and twenty-two and a half.
2:36
NeuralStan
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Fleming's book is also about what the iron does, and the archive has that measured.
2:40
NeuralStan
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In two thousand and nine Don Gabel put a transformer from the Meyer estate on an L C R meter, each winding loose and then on its core.
2:47
NeuralStan
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The core multiplies every winding about sixteen times.
2:49
NeuralStan
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Fleming's warning goes with it: the iron's effect is not a constant quantity.
2:55
NeuralStan
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It depends on how hard it is driven, and on the whole past magnetic history of the iron.
3:00
NeuralStan
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Measure your coils on the core, at the frequency you will use.
3:07
NeuralStan
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Next, the water.
3:09
NeuralStan
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Meyer calls the cell a capacitor, and in the same article he says something that sounds, at first, like the opposite.
3:17
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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Water now becomes part of the V, I, C in the form of resistance between electrical ground and pulse-frequency positive-potential, helping to prevent electron flow within the pulsing circuit.
3:29
NeuralStan
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A capacitor that is also a resistance.
3:30
NeuralStan
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Fleming worked through exactly that case, in section thirty-one of his third chapter: a condenser with a resistance across its terminals, in series with a coil.
3:38
NeuralStan
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It is a textbook problem, with a textbook answer.
3:43
NeuralStan
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And the archive has the numbers.
3:44
NeuralStan
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Gabel measured the estate's tube cells too.
3:48
NeuralStan
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With rain water in it, at one kilohertz, his meter reads twenty-one nanofarads, with a dissipation factor of twenty-nine.
3:56
NeuralStan
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A good capacitor reads well under a tenth.
3:58
NeuralStan
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Read as a capacitance with a leak across it, that cell has about two hundred and sixty ohms of water in parallel, and it can hold a charge for about five microseconds.
4:06
NeuralStan
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Hold that number.
4:06
NeuralStan
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It decides everything that follows.
4:12
NeuralStan
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Now the heart of it.
4:14
NeuralStan
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Meyer's patent for the method of producing a fuel gas puts the circuit in one clause.
4:19
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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Providing a capacitor, in which the water is included as a dielectric liquid between capacitor plates, in a resonant charging choke circuit that includes an inductance in series with the capacitor.
4:34
NeuralStan
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Resonant charging choke is not a phrase he invented.
4:36
NeuralStan
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In one of his memos he defined it, and told you where he got the definition.
4:43
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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Resonant Charging Choke is a Modulator Inductor which sets up an oscillation of a given charging frequency, the voltage pulsing rate, with the effective capacitance of a pulse-forming network in order to charge a line to high voltage.
5:00
NeuralStan
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That is the textbook definition of resonant charging, the way radar pulse modulators charge a line to high voltage through an inductor and a diode.
5:08
NeuralStan
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Meyer knew exactly which component he was naming.
5:10
NeuralStan
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The question this series asks is what the textbooks say that component does.
5:16
NeuralStan
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Steinmetz answers it directly, in his book on alternating current phenomena, the edition of nineteen hundred.
5:23
Charles Steinmetz (synthetic voice)
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Series inductance in a condenser circuit, and series condensance in an inductive circuit, cause a rise of potential.
5:31
NeuralStan
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A rise of potential.
5:32
NeuralStan
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Put inductance in series with a condenser, and the voltage across the condenser can rise above the voltage you applied.
5:38
NeuralStan
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A page later he draws the practical conclusion, for the motors of his day.
5:45
Charles Steinmetz (synthetic voice)
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Since a synchronous motor in the condition of efficient working acts as a condensance, we get the remarkable result that, in synchronous motor circuits, choking coils, or reactive coils, can be used for raising the voltage.
6:00
NeuralStan
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Choking coils can be used for raising the voltage.
6:03
NeuralStan
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Meyer named his circuit a voltage intensifier, and put a choking coil in series with a condenser.
6:07
NeuralStan
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Steinmetz had printed the principle eighty years before.
6:12
NeuralStan
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Why does the voltage rise?
6:14
NeuralStan
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Steinmetz gives the reason in his book on transients.
6:19
Charles Steinmetz (synthetic voice)
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An oscillation can occur only with the existence of two energy-storing constants, as capacity and inductance, which permit a surge of energy from the one to the other, and therewith an overreaching.
6:33
NeuralStan
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Overreaching is the word to keep.
6:35
NeuralStan
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Push a pulse into a capacitor through an inductor, and the current does not stop when the capacitor reaches the pulse voltage.
6:40
NeuralStan
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The inductor keeps it flowing, and the capacitor overshoots.
6:44
NeuralStan
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With no losses at all, it overshoots to twice the voltage you applied.
6:52
NeuralStan
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Fleming shows the same doubling in the induction coil itself.
6:55
NeuralStan
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With a condenser across the break of the primary, he writes, the current runs on into the condenser, rebounds, and reverses, and the electromotive force in the secondary must be just double what it would be without it.
7:07
NeuralStan
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Twice is the textbook ceiling, and it is a real gain.
7:12
NeuralStan
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An overshoot on its own swings back.
7:15
NeuralStan
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What keeps it is the blocking diode.
7:18
NeuralStan
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In the same article he gives the diode one sentence.
7:21
NeuralStan
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Blocking diode, he wrote, prevents electrical shorting to secondary coil during pulse-off time, since the diode only conducts electrical energy in the direction of the schematic arrow.
7:31
NeuralStan
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Steinmetz describes the general case, pulses delivered one after another through a one-way conductor.
7:38
Charles Steinmetz (synthetic voice)
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These transient terms may predominate to such an extent that the current essentially consists of a series of successive transient terms.
7:48
NeuralStan
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Put the pieces together and you have what Meyer drew as step-charging.
7:52
NeuralStan
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Each pulse, through the choke, pushes the cell's voltage up.
7:56
NeuralStan
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The diode stops the charge running back into the secondary.
8:00
NeuralStan
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And whatever the water has not leaked away is still there when the next pulse arrives.
8:04
NeuralStan
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That last clause is the one that matters.
8:07
NeuralStan
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So here it is with the archive's own numbers.
8:10
NeuralStan
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Gabel's measured chokes, two point four henries on the core.
8:15
NeuralStan
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The one point five two nanofarads of Meyer's own cavity.
8:18
NeuralStan
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Pulses at two and a half kilohertz, and a perfect diode.
8:20
NeuralStan
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This is a textbook model, there to show the shape of the physics, not to predict a real cell.
8:27
NeuralStan
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With deionised water, in blue, the overshoot is real.
8:33
NeuralStan
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The first stroke carries the cell to nearly one and a half times the pulse, and every stroke after to about one point three.
8:38
NeuralStan
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With water at five microsiemens, in red, which is ordinary distilled water, the cell never even reaches the pulse.
8:46
NeuralStan
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The leak drains it faster than the choke can charge it.
8:50
NeuralStan
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That is Meyer's own emphasis on water, explained by the textbooks.
8:55
NeuralStan
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The choke gives a real gain, up to twice, and the water decides how much of it you keep.
9:00
NeuralStan
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Meyer said, over and over, that his chokes restrict the amps while the voltage goes on the water.
9:04
NeuralStan
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His own words for the resistive wire in them:
9:09
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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The resistive value of said Charging Choke acts as a resistor, preventing amp flow still further.
9:18
NeuralStan
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To anyone thinking in steady currents, voltage without current sounds impossible.
9:23
NeuralStan
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Fleming's answer, in section eight, is that Ohm's law is the slow case.
9:28
NeuralStan
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If a voltage arrives with great suddenness, he writes, the flow is determined less by the resistance and more by the inductance.
9:34
NeuralStan
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A conductor with inductance can no more have a current created in it instantly than a heavy body can be given a velocity instantly.
9:43
NeuralStan
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His illustration would have pleased Meyer: gun-cotton laid on a slab and lit burns away harmlessly, but fired by a detonator it shatters the slab, because the air has no time to get out of the way.
9:53
NeuralStan
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And Oliver Lodge's famous experiment: a Leyden jar discharge, offered a thick metal wire or a small air gap of many megohms, takes the air gap.
10:01
NeuralStan
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To a fast pulse, a big coil looks like an open circuit.
10:08
NeuralStan
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In numbers: put the five thousand and seventy volts of Meyer's pencil pages across Gabel's two point four henries, and current can grow by no more than about two milliamps a microsecond, whatever the water.
10:19
NeuralStan
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That is amp restriction, and it is textbook physics.
10:24
NeuralStan
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Fleming gives the one test that decides whether all this rings at all.
10:28
NeuralStan
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A condenser discharging through a coil either oscillates, or it creeps down without reversing, which he calls the dead-beat case.
10:35
NeuralStan
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The dividing line is a resistance equal to the square root of four L over C.
10:41
NeuralStan
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With Gabel's chokes and Meyer's cavity, that line is about seventy-nine and a half thousand ohms.
10:45
NeuralStan
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Gabel's copper coils add up to about two hundred and twenty ohms, far below it.
10:50
NeuralStan
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They ring, at about two point six kilohertz, inside Meyer's own stated band of one to ten.
10:57
NeuralStan
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The coils in Meyer's nineteen eighty-seven pencil pages are different.
11:01
NeuralStan
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Their resistive wire adds up to about ninety thousand ohms, just above the line.
11:06
NeuralStan
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The archive has no measurement of their inductance, so this assumes Gabel's.
11:10
NeuralStan
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But if it holds, Meyer's own build sits almost exactly on Fleming's boundary.
11:14
NeuralStan
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He traded ringing for amp restriction, deliberately.
11:18
NeuralStan
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Whether that was the right bargain is a bench question.
11:21
NeuralStan
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And the water's leak damps the ringing too.
11:23
NeuralStan
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For this loop to ring at all, the leak across the cell must be more than about twenty thousand ohms.
11:28
NeuralStan
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In Meyer's cavity only deionised water clears it.
11:32
NeuralStan
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Last, the warning.
11:35
NeuralStan
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Fleming shows that a condenser can cancel a coil's inductance, leaving a circuit that behaves as if it had resistance alone.
11:40
NeuralStan
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Then he adds that the cancellation is only exact for one particular frequency, and that it moves if the condenser's leak moves.
11:50
NeuralStan
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Steinmetz, working an example where the reactances balance exactly, says the same thing more bluntly.
11:57
Charles Steinmetz (synthetic voice)
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That is, absolute resonance takes place.
12:01
Charles Steinmetz (synthetic voice)
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Obviously, this condition cannot be completely reached in practice.
12:05
NeuralStan
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Meyer's water is exactly such a load.
12:07
NeuralStan
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As it gasses and warms, its leak changes, and by Fleming's rule the resonance walks away.
12:12
NeuralStan
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So he did not use a fixed frequency.
12:14
NeuralStan
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At a house meeting in New Zealand in nineteen eighty-nine, he explained why.
12:22
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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We now electronically zero in to the resonant frequency of any form of natural water because it would change based on the contaminants within the water.
12:31
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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It automatically scans it right in, locks right in the resonance and holds it there.
12:36
NeuralStan
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A drive that finds the resonance and locks to it is the correct engineering answer to Fleming's warning.
12:40
NeuralStan
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Induction heaters and ultrasonic welders do the same today.
12:46
NeuralStan
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So, what to take from this.
12:48
NeuralStan
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Meyer's circuit is not a mystery wrapped around a claim.
12:50
NeuralStan
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Its parts are the ordinary, well-founded electrical engineering that Fleming and Steinmetz taught.
12:55
NeuralStan
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The transformer is an induction coil.
12:57
NeuralStan
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The water is a leaky condenser.
13:00
NeuralStan
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The choke raises the voltage, up to twice.
13:03
NeuralStan
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The chokes restrict the amps under a fast pulse.
13:06
NeuralStan
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The resistance decides whether it rings.
13:08
NeuralStan
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And the resonance has to be found and held.
13:13
NeuralStan
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None of that proves anything about what happens inside the water.
13:16
NeuralStan
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What it gives a builder is a condition at every step, and a measurement that checks it.
13:19
NeuralStan
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Measure your windings on the core.
13:21
NeuralStan
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Measure your cell's capacitance and its leak, with the water's conductivity written beside them.
13:26
NeuralStan
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Look for the overshoot on a scope.
13:29
NeuralStan
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Then take the diode out and look again.
13:34
NeuralStan
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The next film takes the first part on its own: the pulsing transformer, and what the iron does to it.
13:40
NeuralStan
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The written tutorial, all six parts, is on the site now, and Fleming's and Steinmetz's books are there in full.
13:45
NeuralStan
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The archive is at stanslegacy dot com, and it would like your measurements.
13:49
NeuralStan
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Thank you for watching.
13:53
NeuralStan
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Every source in this film is in the archive.
13:56
NeuralStan
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The addresses are on the screen.