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NeuralStan
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This is What the Iron Does, part 2 of The Textbook Behind the V, I, C, made by the archive at Stan's Legacy.
0:05
NeuralStan
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I am NeuralStan, and I am a machine, not a man.
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NeuralStan
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Two other synthetic voices speak.
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NeuralStan
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Stan Meyer's is cloned from thirty seconds of him speaking in nineteen eighty-five.
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NeuralStan
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The other speaks for Charles Steinmetz, the electrical engineer; the archive knows of no recording of his voice, so it is a stock voice.
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NeuralStan
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Each reads only words they wrote or said, and every one is cited.
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NeuralStan
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The first film in this series walked Stan Meyer's Voltage Intensifier Circuit once, part by part, beside the textbooks of the eighteen nineties.
0:36
NeuralStan
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This one takes the first part on its own: the pulsing transformer, and the iron it is wound on.
0:42
NeuralStan
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It is the least argued-about part of the circuit, and that is exactly why it is worth getting right.
0:47
NeuralStan
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Every number further along, the choke, the ringing, the voltage on the water, is set by what this transformer actually does, and the archive has one measured.
0:56
NeuralStan
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In the German magazine raum und zeit, in nineteen ninety, Meyer described the pulsing transformer in three sentences.
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NeuralStan
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The first is that it steps up voltage amplitude during pulsing operations.
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NeuralStan
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The second:
1:10
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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Voltage amplitude or voltage potential is increased when secondary coil is wrapped with more turns of wire.
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NeuralStan
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And the third, about the ground:
1:20
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
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Isolated electrical ground prevents electron flow from input circuit ground.
1:26
NeuralStan
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A primary and a secondary with no electrical connection between them, and no shared return.
1:30
NeuralStan
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That isolation is what lets the secondary side float, and it is why the diode and the chokes can do their work without the supply pulling the charge back.
1:40
NeuralStan
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Fleming's whole book is built around this device.
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NeuralStan
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He calls it the induction coil or the transformer, and does not much mind which: a primary of few turns, a secondary of many, sharing one magnetic circuit.
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NeuralStan
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The ratio of the turns sets the ratio of the voltages.
1:56
NeuralStan
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Meyer's pencil pages of nineteen eighty-seven use exactly that rule.
2:00
NeuralStan
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Two hundred turns of primary, eighty-four thousand five hundred of secondary, a ratio of four hundred and twenty-two and a half.
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NeuralStan
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And then most of Fleming's book is about what spoils the rule in a real transformer, which is the iron.
2:14
NeuralStan
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Fleming draws the distinction every coil winder meets.
2:17
NeuralStan
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An iron core with a gap in it, he writes, is often called an open magnetic circuit, whilst the complete iron ring would be a closed one.
2:24
NeuralStan
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A closed core carries far more magnetic induction for the same winding, and since inductance is induction linked per unit current, the core multiplies the inductance of everything wound on it.
2:36
NeuralStan
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The archive has this measured.
2:38
NeuralStan
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In April two thousand and nine Don Gabel put a transformer from the Meyer estate on an L C R meter, every winding loose, and then again on its core.
2:46
NeuralStan
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Choke one reads seventy-six millihenries loose and one point two six henries on the core.
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NeuralStan
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The secondary goes from sixty-nine millihenries to one point oh five henries.
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NeuralStan
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The primary from one point six five millihenries to forty-two.
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NeuralStan
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The iron multiplies every winding fifteen to twenty-five times.
3:07
NeuralStan
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That single table corrects the commonest mistake in modelling this circuit.
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NeuralStan
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Treat a V, I, C choke as an air-cored coil of a millihenry or so, and every frequency and every voltage you calculate is wrong by a factor of a thousand.
3:21
NeuralStan
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Gabel's table holds something nobody seems to have drawn out of it.
3:24
NeuralStan
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On one core, inductance goes as the square of the turns.
3:28
NeuralStan
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The secondary is twenty-five times the primary, so the turns ratio is about five to one.
3:33
NeuralStan
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The wire agrees: both are the same gauge, and the secondary has about seven times the resistance, which is what five times the turns on a larger radius looks like.
3:43
NeuralStan
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Five to one is nothing like the four hundred and twenty-two to one of the pencil pages.
3:48
NeuralStan
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So the estate transformer on Gabel's bench and the nineteen eighty-seven design are different builds.
3:53
NeuralStan
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That is an estimate, and it assumes both windings see the same core, but it is the first thing a builder should check before copying either one.
4:02
NeuralStan
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Gabel did one more thing that matters.
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NeuralStan
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He measured each winding again with the other windings shorted.
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NeuralStan
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Choke one falls from one point two six henries to about six tenths of a henry.
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NeuralStan
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The secondary from one point oh five to point eight six.
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NeuralStan
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That drop is the coupling.
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NeuralStan
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A winding whose inductance halves when its neighbours are shorted is sharing most of its magnetic flux with them, roughly seven tenths by that arithmetic.
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NeuralStan
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In Meyer's layout the chokes sit on the same core as the primary and secondary.
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NeuralStan
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They are not separate components that happen to share a bobbin.
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NeuralStan
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They are part of the transformer, and what happens in one winding changes the others.
4:40
NeuralStan
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And then Fleming's warning, which goes with every number in that table.
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NeuralStan
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The magnetic resistance even of a closed iron circuit, he writes, is not a constant quantity.
4:48
NeuralStan
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It changes with temperature, with how strongly the iron is magnetised, with whether the magnetisation is rising or falling, and in fact it depends on the whole past magnetic history of the iron.
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NeuralStan
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Fleming credits Professor Ewing with the name for that lag: hysteresis, from the Greek, to lag behind.
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NeuralStan
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For a builder it means the inductances Gabel measured on a small meter signal are a starting point, not a specification.
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NeuralStan
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Driven hard, with pulses, the core's inductance will be different, and it will depend on what the last pulse did.
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NeuralStan
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The meter frequency matters too.
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NeuralStan
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On the core, choke one holds its inductance from a hundred hertz to a kilohertz while its Q, its quality, climbs from nine to seventy.
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NeuralStan
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But at ten kilohertz Gabel's meter stops reporting inductance for the secondary and the chokes at all, and reports capacitance instead.
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NeuralStan
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That is what a coil does above its own self-resonance, where the capacitance between its thousands of turns takes over from its inductance.
5:48
NeuralStan
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Meyer's stated band runs from one kilohertz up to and beyond ten.
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NeuralStan
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So the top of that band is where these windings stop behaving like simple inductors, and that is worth knowing before you choose a pulse frequency.
5:59
NeuralStan
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Steinmetz puts the same point in its most general form, at the opening of his book on transients.
6:05
Charles Steinmetz (synthetic voice)
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Any electric circuit therefore must have three constants, r, L, and C.
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NeuralStan
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Resistance turns energy into heat.
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NeuralStan
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Inductance stores it in magnetism.
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NeuralStan
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Capacity stores it as electric stress.
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NeuralStan
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The iron core is how Meyer's transformer gets an enormous amount of the second of those into a small space, and the winding capacitance at ten kilohertz is the third one arriving uninvited.
6:30
NeuralStan
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So, what to measure.
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NeuralStan
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Every winding's inductance on the core, at the frequency you will pulse at.
6:36
NeuralStan
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Every winding again with the others open and then shorted, the way Gabel did, because the difference is the coupling.
6:43
NeuralStan
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The real turns ratio, by driving the primary with a small sine wave and reading the secondary.
6:47
NeuralStan
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And the frequency where each winding stops looking like an inductor.
6:53
NeuralStan
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The one measurement the archive does not hold for an estate V, I, C is the last: inductance under the actual pulse drive, with the core working hard.
7:01
NeuralStan
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If you have it, the archive would like it.
7:05
NeuralStan
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The next film takes the other end of the circuit: the water cell, which Meyer called a capacitor and Fleming would have called a leaky condenser.
7:11
NeuralStan
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The written tutorial and Gabel's full readings are on the site.
7:15
NeuralStan
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The archive is at stanslegacy dot com.
7:17
NeuralStan
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Thank you for watching.
7:21
NeuralStan
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Every source in this film is in the archive.
7:24
NeuralStan
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The addresses are on the screen.