0:00
NeuralStan
·
This is The Filling Station, an episode made by the archive at Stan's Legacy.
0:05
NeuralStan
·
I am NeuralStan, and I am a machine, not a man.
0:09
NeuralStan
·
And tonight, for the first time, this film is not about Stanley Meyer.
0:13
NeuralStan
·
It is about his twin brother.
0:17
Evil Stan
·
A second Meyer!
0:18
Evil Stan
·
Nobody tells me anything.
0:22
NeuralStan
·
Stephen Foster Meyer, of Golden Valley, Minnesota.
0:25
NeuralStan
·
He filed this in April two thousand and four, six years after his brother died, and assigned it to himself.
0:31
NeuralStan
·
And I want to say the most important thing about it straight away, because it sets the tone for everything after.
0:36
NeuralStan
·
This document does not claim any new physics.
0:40
NeuralStan
·
There is no resonance that gets something for nothing.
0:42
NeuralStan
·
No process that beats the bond energy.
0:45
NeuralStan
·
It is a machine, made of parts you can buy, arranged with some care.
0:51
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Fuel cell and auto industries have been looking for methods and apparatus that can supply a source of hydrogen and oxygen for its new hybrid industry.
0:56
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
This invention is such a device.
1:04
Evil Stan
·
So where is the good part?
1:06
Evil Stan
·
Where is the mass energy equivalence written on a spark plug?
1:11
NeuralStan
·
There isn't one.
1:13
NeuralStan
·
That is the good part.
1:14
NeuralStan
·
He states the purpose in one sentence at the top, and it is worth hearing how modest it is.
1:21
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The MLS hydroxyl filling station is a hydroxyl gas and heat generating system, using a renewable source of liquid supply such as water.
1:31
NeuralStan
·
Here is the whole thing in one breath.
1:33
NeuralStan
·
A tank of water with six arrays submerged in it.
1:35
NeuralStan
·
Two three-phase generators driving those arrays through six matching circuits, one per phase per generator.
1:43
NeuralStan
·
A jacket around the cell with a pump and a radiator, to take the heat away.
1:45
NeuralStan
·
A computer with a screen, running the whole thing.
1:48
NeuralStan
·
And on the output side, a liquid trap, a flow restrictor, a compressor, a storage tank, a safety cut-off and a flashback arrestor.
2:00
NeuralStan
·
Let him describe what it is for.
2:04
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The invention is a computerized automatic on site, mobile hydroxyl gas producing filling station that allows the products being produced to be used either by the hydrogen fuel cells installed in automobiles, trucks, buses, boats and land base generating applications, or in any internal combustion engine.
2:28
NeuralStan
·
The arrays are the interesting part, and the arrangement is not the obvious one.
2:33
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Note that the center wave-guide element is used as the electrical reference point for both outside and inside elements of array one thirty two.
2:42
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
It is this composite signal applied to the surface of the stainless steel elements in array one thirty two, submerged in water bath one thirty three, that allow the ions from the elements in array one thirty two to cross its water surface barriers and contribute to the hydroxyl production.
3:02
NeuralStan
·
So: three concentric tubes.
3:04
NeuralStan
·
The middle one is held as the zero.
3:06
NeuralStan
·
The inside and the outside are driven against it, with a direct-current bias sitting either side of that zero, and an alternating signal modulated on top.
3:15
Evil Stan
·
Two plates is one capacitor.
3:19
Evil Stan
·
Three tubes is two capacitors and a shared middle.
3:22
Evil Stan
·
And you can drive them out of phase!
3:29
NeuralStan
·
That is exactly what he does, and it is a reasonable thing to want.
3:34
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Note the DC bias voltage, plus and minus, on either side of the center electrical reference point, zero volts.
3:40
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
It is this bias voltage, being modulated by multi polarity differential signals, that contributes to the wave-guide action of the arrays.
3:51
NeuralStan
·
A direct-current offset, with the alternating signal riding on it.
3:55
NeuralStan
·
Which means the water never sees a symmetrical swing — there is always a standing pull in one direction with the modulation on top.
4:03
NeuralStan
·
Before the clever part, here is a quiet decision that is simply good engineering, and it is the sort of thing that gets skipped over.
4:11
NeuralStan
·
He drives the cell from three phases, not one.
4:14
NeuralStan
·
Now: a single-phase supply, rectified, falls all the way to zero twice every cycle.
4:20
NeuralStan
·
Your cell stops, then starts, then stops.
4:24
NeuralStan
·
Three phases never do that.
4:26
NeuralStan
·
Before one falls, the next has already risen.
4:29
NeuralStan
·
The ripple goes from a hundred per cent of the peak down to thirteen point four, and it costs nothing — no capacitor, no smoothing, no filter.
4:35
NeuralStan
·
It is free, and it comes from the shape of the supply.
4:41
NeuralStan
·
And with two generators driving six arrays, that is twelve pulses a cycle.
4:47
Evil Stan
·
He got a smoother supply by wiring it differently.
4:50
Evil Stan
·
And it cost him nothing.
4:52
Evil Stan
·
I like this man.
4:56
NeuralStan
·
Here is the line in the patent that made me want to make this film.
4:59
NeuralStan
·
It is one clause, and it asks for two things.
5:04
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Also, the frequency of figure five is adjusted to match the electrical wave-length of the arrays one thirty two, and the impedance of water bath one thirty three.
5:14
NeuralStan
·
Match the electrical wavelength of the arrays.
5:17
NeuralStan
·
And match the impedance of the water.
5:18
NeuralStan
·
Both of those are real, standard, well-understood engineering.
5:23
NeuralStan
·
They are also completely different operations, and only one of them can be done at the frequencies this cell runs at.
5:29
NeuralStan
·
Before I tell you which, have a guess.
5:31
NeuralStan
·
It is worth a moment, because if you build cells, one of these is on your bench this afternoon and the other is not.
5:38
NeuralStan
·
So, the wavelength.
5:40
NeuralStan
·
Water slows an electromagnetic wave down a lot, because its permittivity is high — about seventy-eight.
5:45
NeuralStan
·
That means a wave inside it travels at roughly a ninth of the speed it manages in air.
5:51
NeuralStan
·
Which makes the arithmetic quick.
5:54
NeuralStan
·
A three-inch element is a quarter wavelength at a hundred and eleven megahertz.
5:56
NeuralStan
·
Six inches, fifty-five megahertz.
5:59
NeuralStan
·
That is FM radio territory.
6:03
NeuralStan
·
Go the other way.
6:05
NeuralStan
·
At one kilohertz, a quarter wave in water is eight and a half kilometres long.
6:07
NeuralStan
·
Your array is three inches.
6:12
Evil Stan
·
So it is a point.
6:15
Evil Stan
·
There is no wave on it.
6:16
Evil Stan
·
It is just metal.
6:19
NeuralStan
·
Electrically, yes.
6:21
NeuralStan
·
Which means the first half of that sentence describes something that is not happening in this cell, and could not be without a radio transmitter.
6:29
NeuralStan
·
But the other half of the sentence is a different matter entirely, and this is the part to take away.
6:34
NeuralStan
·
Any source has an impedance of its own.
6:37
NeuralStan
·
A generator, a transformer winding, a driver stage.
6:39
NeuralStan
·
And there is a theorem about what happens when you connect it to a load: the power delivered is greatest when the load impedance equals the source impedance.
6:47
NeuralStan
·
Not higher, not lower.
6:48
NeuralStan
·
Equal.
6:53
NeuralStan
·
That is this curve.
6:54
NeuralStan
·
Fifty ohms of source, and the cell's impedance along the bottom.
6:57
NeuralStan
·
Miss low and you are dumping your power in the source.
7:00
NeuralStan
·
Miss high and you are barely drawing any.
7:03
NeuralStan
·
And now look at the shape of the top, because this is the useful bit.
7:06
NeuralStan
·
It is broad.
7:07
NeuralStan
·
You keep half of everything available across a thirty-four to one spread of impedance.
7:13
Evil Stan
·
Thirty four to one!
7:16
Evil Stan
·
So I do not have to be right.
7:18
Evil Stan
·
I have to be roughly right.
7:20
NeuralStan
·
Which is what makes it worth doing rather than a counsel of perfection.
7:23
NeuralStan
·
And unlike the wavelength, it is true at every frequency — there is no resonance involved at all.
7:30
NeuralStan
·
And before we leave that sentence, I want to work out where it came from, because he tells us.
7:34
NeuralStan
·
It is one line, four paragraphs later, and it explains everything.
7:40
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The result of this is just like the operation of a radio transmitter matching its signal to the air via the antenna impedance.
7:51
NeuralStan
·
An antenna.
7:52
NeuralStan
·
That is the whole answer.
7:54
NeuralStan
·
Because in radio, those two ideas are not separate at all.
7:57
NeuralStan
·
An antenna is cut to a wavelength — a quarter wave, a half wave — and you match its impedance to the transmitter, and both things are true at once and you do them together.
8:05
NeuralStan
·
Any radio engineer holds them as a single idea, because in that domain they are one.
8:13
NeuralStan
·
So he did not confuse two concepts.
8:16
NeuralStan
·
He carried across a mental model that is completely correct where he learned it.
8:19
NeuralStan
·
And most of it survives the trip: the matching is right, the circuit is right, the place he put it is right.
8:27
NeuralStan
·
The one part that does not travel is the wavelength, because water is not air and a cell is not a transmitter.
8:32
NeuralStan
·
Everything else arrives intact.
8:36
Evil Stan
·
He was a radio man.
8:37
Evil Stan
·
Of course he was.
8:39
Evil Stan
·
Look at the drawing again — it is all cards and test points.
8:45
NeuralStan
·
Look at where he puts the circuits.
8:47
NeuralStan
·
One between each generator phase and its array.
8:49
NeuralStan
·
Six of them, on six cards.
8:51
NeuralStan
·
That is precisely, exactly where an impedance matching network goes.
8:56
NeuralStan
·
So the hardware is doing the thing that works.
8:59
NeuralStan
·
The sentence reaches for a second idea — the wavelength — that the hardware neither needs nor uses.
9:05
NeuralStan
·
And I think that is worth being careful about, because it is easy to read a phrase like electrical wavelength, decide the whole thing is confused, and put the document down.
9:15
NeuralStan
·
That would be a mistake.
9:17
NeuralStan
·
The circuit is right.
9:19
NeuralStan
·
The label on it is ambitious.
9:23
Evil Stan
·
And his brother would have written a whole chapter about the wavelength.
9:28
NeuralStan
·
He would.
9:29
NeuralStan
·
And this one drew the circuit instead.
9:31
NeuralStan
·
There is one more thing he points at, and he gives it a whole figure of its own.
9:37
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Just as a tuning fork rings when struck by a hammer, so does the wave-guide elements in arrays one thirty two, immersed into the hydroxyl generating liquid, then struck by the electrical signals from impedance matching circuits one oh two.
9:58
NeuralStan
·
Now, the analogy is exactly right, and it is worth pausing on because it is so often used badly.
10:02
NeuralStan
·
A matching network contains inductance and capacitance.
10:05
NeuralStan
·
Put energy into it suddenly and it will oscillate at its own natural frequency and decay.
10:10
NeuralStan
·
That is not a theory.
10:12
NeuralStan
·
That is what L and C do.
10:17
NeuralStan
·
So the ringing is real and you will see it on a scope between his two test points.
10:21
NeuralStan
·
The open question is the next step — whether that ringing does anything for the chemistry, or whether it is simply the circuit settling.
10:30
Evil Stan
·
But nobody has measured it!
10:32
Evil Stan
·
That is not a failure.
10:34
Evil Stan
·
That is a job.
10:38
NeuralStan
·
There is something in here that his brother never drew, and it is easy to skim past.
10:44
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
It is important to note that not only is the gas produced between the elements in an array, but also between each array installed in cell one twenty.
10:54
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
See array A B C phase relationship.
10:58
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
It is the combination of the impedance matching circuits, signal transformations, the cell configuration and materials used in arrays one thirty two, and the rotational phase relationship between arrays, and the submersion of these arrays in a bath of water, that allows the MLS hydroxyl filling station to produce large amounts of hydroxyl gases.
11:24
NeuralStan
·
Rotational phase relationship.
11:27
NeuralStan
·
Six arrays, fed from two three-phase sets, each sitting at a different point in the cycle from its neighbours.
11:34
NeuralStan
·
Which means the potential difference is not only across each array.
11:37
NeuralStan
·
It is also between one array and the next, and that difference is turning around the tank as the phases rotate.
11:42
NeuralStan
·
The whole bath is doing work, not just the six gaps.
11:48
Evil Stan
·
A rotating field!
11:49
Evil Stan
·
In a bucket of water!
11:51
Evil Stan
·
Why has nobody built this?
11:56
NeuralStan
·
As far as this archive knows, nobody has.
12:00
NeuralStan
·
Which is a strange thing to be able to say about a published patent.
12:03
NeuralStan
·
And he adds something honest, which is rarer than it should be in this archive.
12:09
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Also, that the array elements themselves are supplying much of the ions needed for the production of the gases.
12:17
NeuralStan
·
The electrodes are being consumed.
12:20
NeuralStan
·
He says so, in the patent, unprompted.
12:22
NeuralStan
·
That is a man describing what his machine actually does rather than what he wishes it did.
12:27
NeuralStan
·
One more decision that looks like housekeeping and is not.
12:31
NeuralStan
·
He wraps the cell in a cooled jacket, and says why.
12:36
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The drawing also shows the water jacket fifty surrounding the cell one twenty, that helps lower its temperature, and allows more production of the hydroxyl gases at higher voltage signals.
12:48
NeuralStan
·
Read that again, because it is not the obvious reason.
12:52
NeuralStan
·
Most people cool a cell because heat is a nuisance.
12:54
NeuralStan
·
He is cooling it to change its electrical properties.
12:58
NeuralStan
·
Water conducts better when it is warm — roughly two per cent per degree.
13:01
NeuralStan
·
Take it from sixty down to twenty-five and the resistance roughly doubles.
13:06
NeuralStan
·
And a cell with twice the resistance needs twice the voltage for the same current.
13:11
NeuralStan
·
Which, if you have just spent a paragraph matching impedances, matters enormously.
13:15
NeuralStan
·
The temperature is one of the knobs on the match.
13:20
Evil Stan
·
So the radiator is part of the circuit.
13:24
Evil Stan
·
Not part of the plumbing.
13:27
NeuralStan
·
So what would one of these actually deliver?
13:30
NeuralStan
·
Faraday's law sets the ceiling, and it does not care how clever the waveform is.
13:34
NeuralStan
·
At ten amps per array across six arrays, twenty-seven litres of hydrogen an hour.
13:40
NeuralStan
·
At a hundred amps, two hundred and seventy-four.
13:42
NeuralStan
·
Fill a five thousand litre tank and you are waiting about eighteen hours — and that is at a hundred per cent efficiency, which nothing reaches.
13:51
Evil Stan
·
Eighteen hours!
13:54
Evil Stan
·
That is not a filling station, that is a filling weekend.
13:58
NeuralStan
·
No — and this is the bit I think is easy to get wrong.
14:01
NeuralStan
·
Look at what he called it.
14:02
NeuralStan
·
A filling station.
14:03
NeuralStan
·
Not a pump.
14:04
NeuralStan
·
It sits there and works overnight, like the charger on an electric car does now, twenty years later.
14:11
NeuralStan
·
He was not promising to fill your tank while you waited.
14:14
NeuralStan
·
He designed something to run unattended, which is why there is a computer and an alarm panel on it.
14:19
NeuralStan
·
The patent also tells you how to run it, with numbers, which is more than most do.
14:25
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The software program has five main functions.
14:28
Stephen Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
They are: to purge the system of ambient air; check and test for any equipment malfunctions; ready the system for production; monitor and control current activities of the production; and safety shutdown of the system on detection of alarms.
14:45
NeuralStan
·
First it purges.
14:47
NeuralStan
·
The vacuum pump pulls the ambient air out of the cell, the trap and the compressor, and the program will not proceed until it has detected no leaks.
14:54
NeuralStan
·
Only then does it route gas to the tank.
14:58
NeuralStan
·
Then the cooling comes on — pump, jacket, filter, radiator, fans — before any power reaches the water.
15:04
NeuralStan
·
Then the generators run until the cell reaches about five pounds, at which point the power goes off and the compressor draws the cell back down to near zero, and the cycle repeats.
15:14
NeuralStan
·
The tank fills to eighty pounds.
15:16
NeuralStan
·
The regulator delivers at forty.
15:19
Evil Stan
·
He purges first.
15:21
Evil Stan
·
And he will not start until it is tight.
15:23
Evil Stan
·
Good.
15:26
NeuralStan
·
It is good.
15:27
NeuralStan
·
A cell full of hydrogen, oxygen and whatever was in the room is a worse problem than hydrogen and oxygen alone, and he deals with it in the first sequence the software runs.
15:37
NeuralStan
·
And there is one more thing in this patent that I want to point at, because it is the part that would keep somebody alive.
15:44
NeuralStan
·
This machine makes hydrogen and oxygen together, in exactly the proportion that they burn in.
15:49
NeuralStan
·
That is the most flammable mixture in ordinary use, and it will ignite on a spark you cannot see.
15:55
NeuralStan
·
So look at what is between the cell and the outside world.
15:58
NeuralStan
·
A liquid trap.
15:59
NeuralStan
·
A flow restriction valve.
16:01
NeuralStan
·
A check valve in the compressor.
16:03
NeuralStan
·
A safety cut-off.
16:03
NeuralStan
·
Regulators.
16:04
NeuralStan
·
And a flashback arrestor at the very end.
16:10
NeuralStan
·
Episode nine was about the physics of that last part — why a narrow enough passage stops a flame.
16:13
NeuralStan
·
Stephen just fitted one, and fitted five other things as well.
16:19
Evil Stan
·
Nobody ever put a patent drawing on a wall for the flashback arrestor.
16:24
NeuralStan
·
No.
16:25
NeuralStan
·
But if you build any of this, that is the part to copy first.
16:30
NeuralStan
·
So here is the thing to actually go and do, and it is one measurement.
16:35
NeuralStan
·
Find your cell's impedance, in ohms, at the frequency you really drive it at.
16:40
NeuralStan
·
A signal generator and a scope will do it; an LCR meter will do it faster.
16:42
NeuralStan
·
Then find your driver's output impedance, which is usually in its datasheet or measurable the same way.
16:49
NeuralStan
·
Compare the two.
16:50
NeuralStan
·
If they are within a factor of about six of each other, you already have half of the power that supply can possibly deliver.
16:57
NeuralStan
·
If they are a thousand to one apart, which is common, then most of your electricity is being spent heating the driver.
17:04
NeuralStan
·
And while you have it hooked up, sweep the frequency, because the impedance will move as you do.
17:08
NeuralStan
·
Where it moves to is more interesting than any single number, and episode fourteen is about exactly that curve.
17:16
Evil Stan
·
And you can do it this afternoon!
17:17
Evil Stan
·
With equipment you own!
17:21
NeuralStan
·
I want to finish somewhere other than a verdict, because this document does not need one.
17:25
NeuralStan
·
Here is what is genuinely unknown.
17:28
NeuralStan
·
Nobody has published an impedance match on a Meyer-type cell.
17:31
NeuralStan
·
Nobody has put a scope between his two test points and measured that ringing.
17:34
NeuralStan
·
And nobody has swept a cell's impedance against its temperature, even though his own jacket implies somebody should.
17:42
NeuralStan
·
Those are not research programmes.
17:44
NeuralStan
·
They are three afternoons.
17:47
Evil Stan
·
Three afternoons!
17:49
Evil Stan
·
And then we would know something nobody knows.
17:53
NeuralStan
·
And if you do one of them, send the numbers.
17:55
NeuralStan
·
This archive exists to hold the measurement somebody actually made, so that the next person starts from it rather than from an argument.
18:03
NeuralStan
·
That is the whole idea.
18:04
NeuralStan
·
Somebody wrote this down in two thousand and four, and it has been sitting here ever since, waiting for a scope.
18:11
NeuralStan
·
Everything shown tonight is on the episode page, in the order it came up.
18:14
NeuralStan
·
Every sentence in Stephen's voice is in that patent, and you can read the paragraph it came out of.
18:20
NeuralStan
·
The wavelength arithmetic, the matching curve and the Faraday numbers are in a script in the repository beside this film, with the constants at the top.
18:27
NeuralStan
·
Change one and see what moves.
18:30
NeuralStan
·
I am NeuralStan.
18:32
NeuralStan
·
The voices are synthetic.
18:34
NeuralStan
·
The arithmetic is not.
18:37
NeuralStan
·
And somewhere there is a cell that has never had its impedance measured.