0:00
NeuralStan
·
This is Amp Leakage, an episode made by the archive at Stan's Legacy.
0:05
NeuralStan
·
I am NeuralStan, and I am a machine, not a man.
0:08
NeuralStan
·
Stan speaks throughout, and every sentence in his voice is one he wrote down.
0:11
NeuralStan
·
Tonight the subject is a thing he measured for fifteen years without ever learning its name — and a set of numbers he is usually said never to have written down.
0:18
NeuralStan
·
He did write them down.
0:20
NeuralStan
·
They are in his own patent, and we are going to read them.
0:26
Evil Stan
·
Evil Stan.
0:28
Evil Stan
·
I am a character, not a person, not him, and nothing I say ever came out of his mouth.
0:34
Evil Stan
·
Tonight I am mostly on his side, which will not last.
0:40
NeuralStan
·
His whole method is in one line of the abstract.
0:44
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
A method for obtaining the release of a fuel gas mixture, including hydrogen and oxygen, from water, in which the water is processed as a dielectric medium in an electrical resonant circuit.
0:57
NeuralStan
·
A dielectric medium.
0:58
NeuralStan
·
Not an electrolyte.
0:59
NeuralStan
·
That single word is the whole programme, and he builds the cell to suit it.
1:06
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
It is known that natural water is a liquid which has a dielectric constant of seventy-eight point five four at twenty degrees Centigrade and one atmosphere pressure.
1:18
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
When water molecules are exposed to voltage at a restricted current, water takes on an electrical charge.
1:24
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
By the laws of electrical attraction, molecules align according to positive and negative polarity fields of the molecule and the alignment field.
1:32
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The plates of a capacitor constitute such an alignment field when a voltage is applied.
1:43
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
When a volume of water is isolated, and electrically conductive plates that are chemically inert in water and are separated by a distance are immersed in the water, a capacitor is formed, having a capacitance determined by the surface area of the plates, the distance of their separation, and the dielectric constant of water.
2:06
NeuralStan
·
That is the textbook formula, correctly applied.
2:09
NeuralStan
·
Hold on to it.
2:11
NeuralStan
·
In four minutes I am going to tell you it is right, which is not where this is going.
2:16
NeuralStan
·
And here is what he wants that capacitor to do, which is the sentence everything else in his work hangs off.
2:22
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
In an optimum capacitor that is wholly non-conductive, zero current flow will occur across the capacitor.
2:31
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Thus, in view of an idealized capacitor circuit, the object of the water capacitor circuit is to prevent electron flow through the circuit, such as occurs by electron flow or leakage through a resistive element that produces heat.
2:46
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Electrical leakage in water will occur, however, because of some residual conductivity and impurities or ions that may be otherwise present in the water.
2:55
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Thus the water capacitor is preferably chemically inert.
2:59
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
An electrolyte is not added to the water.
3:04
NeuralStan
·
He is not trying to electrolyse water.
3:06
NeuralStan
·
He is trying not to.
3:09
NeuralStan
·
And the drawing on the left is how.
3:10
NeuralStan
·
A pulse generator, a step-up toroid, then an inductor he calls a resonant charging choke, then a blocking diode, then the cell.
3:22
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The diode is a one N one one nine eight diode which acts as a blocking diode and an electric switch that allows voltage flow in one direction only.
3:30
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Thus, the capacitor is never subjected to a pulse of reverse polarity.
3:38
NeuralStan
·
That diode matters more than it looks.
3:40
NeuralStan
·
It means the charge that arrives at the cell has no way back out through the circuit.
3:45
NeuralStan
·
Whatever leaks has to leak through the water.
3:49
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
As the stepped-up pulse enters first inductor, an electromagnetic field is formed around the inductor, voltage is switched off when the pulse ends, and the field collapses and produces another pulse of the same polarity.
4:01
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Thus, a double pulse frequency is produced.
4:08
Evil Stan
·
Which is a real trick and a good one.
4:10
Evil Stan
·
He gets two pulses out of the driver for one, both the same way up, using nothing but a coil and a diode.
4:17
Evil Stan
·
That is not mysticism.
4:18
Evil Stan
·
That is a flyback, and it is in every switching supply in this building.
4:29
Evil Stan
·
And he is right that this is the interesting question.
4:31
Evil Stan
·
Everybody arguing about his gas numbers is arguing about the wrong end.
4:36
Evil Stan
·
The question is whether you can hold a voltage across water and draw no current, and that is a perfectly respectable question with a perfectly precise answer.
4:48
NeuralStan
·
Before any arithmetic, the thing the arithmetic is about.
4:53
NeuralStan
·
The patent does not leave the cell to your imagination.
4:56
NeuralStan
·
It gives you one.
4:58
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
In an example of the circuit of figure one, two concentric cylinders four inches long formed the water capacitor of the fuel cell in the volume of water.
5:08
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The outside cylinder was zero point seven five inch in outside diameter; the inner cylinder was zero point five inch in outside diameter.
5:16
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Spacing from the outside of the inner cylinder to the inner surface of the outside cylinder was zero point zero six two five inch.
5:28
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Resonance in the circuit was achieved at a twenty-six volt applied pulse to the primary coil of the toroid at ten kilohertz.
5:38
NeuralStan
·
Four inches long.
5:39
NeuralStan
·
A half-inch rod.
5:41
NeuralStan
·
A sixteenth of an inch of water all the way round it.
5:44
NeuralStan
·
Put that into the archive's own coaxial capacitance page and you get two thousand and twenty-nine picofarads.
5:50
NeuralStan
·
The archive also holds a bench note describing a shorter cell — three inches long, with a three-quarter-inch bore — which works out at eight hundred and thirty-seven picofarads.
5:58
NeuralStan
·
That is a real cell and it is a different one.
6:01
NeuralStan
·
Everything tonight is on the cell the patent specifies.
6:07
Evil Stan
·
Two and a half times the capacitance, for a cell one inch longer.
6:11
Evil Stan
·
Which tells you something about the formula that most builders get wrong: it is the ratio of the diameters that counts, not the gap.
6:21
Evil Stan
·
Closing the gap buys you almost nothing.
6:24
Evil Stan
·
Making both tubes bigger at the same gap buys you a great deal.
6:41
NeuralStan
·
And he drew the graph.
6:42
NeuralStan
·
This is figure eight, and the first thing to say about it is which patent it is in, because this archive has been getting that wrong.
6:48
NeuralStan
·
It is figure eight of the nineteen eighty-five filing, the Gas Generator Voltage Control Circuit, granted in January nineteen eighty-nine.
6:57
NeuralStan
·
It is not in the fuel gas patent, and knowing which patent it is in changes more than the credit line, as you will see in ninety seconds.
7:05
NeuralStan
·
Voltage up the side.
7:07
NeuralStan
·
Amp leakage along the bottom.
7:09
NeuralStan
·
A curve that sits flat and then turns up hard.
7:11
NeuralStan
·
And then six levels, L one to L six, each one higher than the last.
7:18
Evil Stan
·
Now.
7:19
Evil Stan
·
You will hear this called a Tafel plot with the axes swapped, drawn by a man who put current on the horizontal because that is where he wanted it.
7:29
Evil Stan
·
Both halves of that are wrong.
7:33
Evil Stan
·
Potential up the page against the logarithm of current along the bottom is the standard convention of corrosion science.
7:42
Evil Stan
·
Evans diagrams are drawn that way; so are Tafel diagrams, in the field that invented them.
7:50
Evil Stan
·
He drew it the way the people who study this draw it.
7:54
NeuralStan
·
And it is not a kinetics plot at all.
7:56
NeuralStan
·
Read what the patent says the curve does.
8:01
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
At the level L one, when leakage occurs, current begins to flow and as a consequence the voltage begins to drop.
8:07
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Upon arcing, a dead short condition for current takeover, the voltage drops to zero.
8:14
NeuralStan
·
Voltage falling as current rises is a load line.
8:17
NeuralStan
·
It is the supply sagging under a cell that has begun to conduct.
8:21
NeuralStan
·
He is not plotting the electrode's kinetics.
8:23
NeuralStan
·
He is plotting what his power supply does when the electrode gives way, which is a different and rather practical thing to plot.
8:32
NeuralStan
·
So here are the six levels, with the numbers the patent puts on them.
8:37
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The same rise and fall in amplitude of the voltage versus current flow repeats at amplitude levels L two, L three, L four, and L five; again, in a given size apparatus, voltages of four, five point five, seven, and eight point five.
8:54
NeuralStan
·
One sentence, four numbers.
8:57
NeuralStan
·
With the two point five at the bottom that is the whole ladder: two and a half volts on a plain applied voltage, four with unipolar pulses, five and a half once he gates the pulse train, seven with the plates wired in series, eight and a half with a resistor from the negative plate to ground.
9:15
NeuralStan
·
You will also see that table reproduced with four of its rows empty, as work he never finished.
9:20
NeuralStan
·
The rows are empty in the archive's transcription of the page.
9:23
NeuralStan
·
They are not empty in the patent.
9:26
Evil Stan
·
Which is worth saying plainly, because a table with four blanks in it looks like a man who ran out of time, and this one is a man who finished.
9:37
Evil Stan
·
And look at what the ladder actually is, now that it has numbers on it.
9:40
Evil Stan
·
Every rung is a higher source impedance.
9:42
Evil Stan
·
Pulses, then gating, then series plates, then a resistor.
9:50
Evil Stan
·
He is not changing the water and he is not changing the electrode.
9:56
Evil Stan
·
He is starving the supply, one step at a time, and writing down how far it got him.
10:07
NeuralStan
·
Which is why the plot is a load line.
10:09
NeuralStan
·
Each rung lets him hold a higher supply voltage before the cell pulls it down.
10:15
NeuralStan
·
Rung five is worth looking at, because it is the one a builder can copy this afternoon.
10:20
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The resistor is variable to provide fine tuning of the electron inhibiting.
10:25
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
In that each pair of plate exciters are connected separately, a resistor is connected to each of the plates having the negative voltage connected thereto.
10:31
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
In that the inner plate had been normally connected to ground, the resistive element is now connected between the inner plate and ground.
10:43
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
As known in electrical art the resistor will provide a complete block to electron leakage, current flow.
10:49
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
However, since the resistor is connected from ground to ground there is no real affect on the voltage; and since there is no connection with the positive side there is no voltage drop.
11:05
NeuralStan
·
That second sentence is the clever part and it is easy to miss.
11:08
NeuralStan
·
He puts the resistor in the return leg, not in the drive.
11:12
NeuralStan
·
So the field across the water is whatever the supply says it is, and the current is whatever the resistor allows.
11:18
NeuralStan
·
He has separated the two knobs.
11:22
Evil Stan
·
Which is exactly what you do to a photodiode, or a bench supply in constant-current mode, or any circuit where you want the voltage to be the signal and the current to be the thing you refuse.
11:37
Evil Stan
·
It is a completely ordinary idea, arrived at from first principles by a man in a garage in Grove City.
11:47
NeuralStan
·
And the last row.
11:48
NeuralStan
·
Against the sandwich, in his own hand, he wrote the word infinity, with an exclamation mark.
11:54
NeuralStan
·
That is usually read as a man reporting his meter's floor.
11:56
NeuralStan
·
The patent explains the exclamation mark.
12:02
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
In a sophisticated embodiment, the limiting resistor comprises a unique structure of poorly conductive material having a resistive mixture sandwiched therebetween.
12:11
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
A second resistor of the variable type is serially connected to the unique limiter for tuning.
12:17
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The value of the limiting resistance is determined by the current passing there through.
12:22
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The variable is employed until the ammeter reads zero or close to zero as possible.
12:31
NeuralStan
·
Until the ammeter reads zero, or as close to zero as possible.
12:36
NeuralStan
·
That is not a man surprised by his instrument.
12:37
NeuralStan
·
That is the stated procedure: you turn the trimmer until the needle stops moving, and then you write down what you did.
12:45
NeuralStan
·
Two other things about that row are worth being exact about.
12:49
NeuralStan
·
The sandwich is not an electrode material and it is not in the water.
12:53
NeuralStan
·
It is a laminated resistor in the earth lead, the same place as resistor sixty, and it is tuned by changing the ratio of resistive powder to binder.
13:05
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
In the generation of the hydrogen and oxygen gasses to an infinite limit, as yet not fully appreciated, the upper level of amplitude of the voltage is removed with the utilization of the electron inhibitor.
13:18
Evil Stan
·
The upper level of amplitude is removed.
13:21
Evil Stan
·
He means: with a stiff enough resistor in the return, he could not find a voltage at which the meter moved.
13:27
Evil Stan
·
Which is the correct result for the experiment he ran, and it is also the least surprising sentence in the patent, because that is what resistors do.
13:42
Evil Stan
·
Every builder knows that feeling, by the way.
13:44
Evil Stan
·
You turn the knob, the needle goes to nothing, and you write an exclamation mark.
13:47
Evil Stan
·
And then the patent office lets you keep the punctuation.
13:53
NeuralStan
·
So much for his circuit.
13:55
NeuralStan
·
Now the thing at the other end of it, which he never mentions, because it forms whether anyone wants it or not.
14:01
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Even a slight potential difference applied to inert, conductive plates of a containment chamber which forms a capacitor will initiate polar atomic orientation within the water molecule based on polarity differences.
14:16
NeuralStan
·
He is describing the field reaching into the water.
14:20
NeuralStan
·
What he never mentions is what the field does at the metal.
14:23
NeuralStan
·
Put a metal into water and a structure assembles itself at the interface within nanoseconds.
14:26
NeuralStan
·
Ions of the opposite charge crowd against the metal.
14:30
NeuralStan
·
The water molecules nearest the surface are pinned flat by the field and stop rotating, so their dielectric constant collapses from eighty to about six.
14:40
NeuralStan
·
Helmholtz described it in eighteen fifty-three.
14:44
NeuralStan
·
Gouy and Chapman added the diffuse part, Stern put the two together, and the archive holds a chapter on all of it.
14:51
NeuralStan
·
The important number is the thickness.
14:53
NeuralStan
·
Charge separated across three tenths of a nanometre.
14:55
NeuralStan
·
Put that into the same formula Meyer used, permittivity times area over separation, and you get seventeen point seven microfarads per square centimetre, which is squarely inside the ten to forty that a metal in water actually measures.
15:10
Evil Stan
·
So the simplest possible model, the one from eighteen fifty-three, gets it right first time.
15:16
Evil Stan
·
It is not exotic.
15:18
Evil Stan
·
It is a hundred and thirty-five years old and it is one line of arithmetic, and it is the one genuine thing in this film that nobody had put in front of him.
15:29
NeuralStan
·
Now put the two together, on the patent's own cell, and something happens that I did not expect.
15:34
NeuralStan
·
His capacitor is two thousand and twenty-nine picofarads.
15:38
NeuralStan
·
The double layer across the two electrodes is four hundred and fifty microfarads.
15:41
NeuralStan
·
Two hundred and twenty thousand times bigger.
15:45
NeuralStan
·
And it makes no difference at all, because those three capacitors sit in series, one behind the other, and capacitors in series are ruled by the smallest of them.
15:54
NeuralStan
·
Adding the double layer changes his figure by five ten-thousandths of one per cent.
16:00
NeuralStan
·
Which is remarkable, because he saw a second capacitor coming.
16:03
NeuralStan
·
Listen to this.
16:06
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
When a charge is applied to a capacitor, the electrical charge of the capacitor equals the applied voltage charge.
16:11
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
In a water capacitor, the dielectric property of water resists the flow of amps in the circuit, and the water molecule itself, because it has polarity fields formed by the relationship of hydrogen and oxygen in the covalent bond, and an intrinsic dielectric property, becomes part of the electrical circuit, analogous to a micro-capacitor within the capacitor defined by the plates.
16:43
NeuralStan
·
A micro-capacitor within the capacitor defined by the plates.
16:47
NeuralStan
·
He is right that there is one.
16:48
NeuralStan
·
It is not in the water molecule.
16:50
NeuralStan
·
It is at the face of the metal, it is three tenths of a nanometre thick, and it is two hundred thousand times the bigger of the two.
16:57
NeuralStan
·
So the capacitance he calculated is the capacitance the cell has.
17:01
NeuralStan
·
The resonant frequency he tuned for was the right frequency.
17:04
NeuralStan
·
On that, he was simply correct, and I want that said plainly before I take anything away from him.
17:11
Evil Stan
·
Two hundred and twenty thousand times bigger, and it changes the answer by five ten-thousandths of a per cent.
17:17
Evil Stan
·
I have sat on committees like that.
17:22
NeuralStan
·
Before the two famous numbers, one that unifies them, because they are usually served as two separate blows and they are the same blow twice.
17:30
NeuralStan
·
Take the water's permittivity and divide it by its conductivity.
17:33
NeuralStan
·
You get a time.
17:34
NeuralStan
·
In ultrapure water it is a hundred and twenty-nine microseconds.
17:37
NeuralStan
·
In distilled water that has been standing, seven.
17:41
NeuralStan
·
In tap water, fourteen nanoseconds.
17:46
NeuralStan
·
That time is the cell's R C time constant, and the dimensions of the cell cancel out of it completely.
17:51
NeuralStan
·
A longer tube has more capacitance and proportionally less resistance, and the product is the same.
17:56
NeuralStan
·
It is a property of the water and nothing else.
18:01
NeuralStan
·
And it is also the answer to a different question: how long after the edge of a pulse is the field still spread across the whole gap, before it collapses onto the two surfaces.
18:12
Evil Stan
·
Which means that for the first seven microseconds of every pulse, in the water he actually had, the whole sixteenth of an inch is dielectric doing work, exactly as he says it is.
18:25
Evil Stan
·
And after seven microseconds it is not.
18:30
Evil Stan
·
His pulse at ten kilohertz is fifty microseconds wide.
18:34
Evil Stan
·
So he gets seven microseconds of the machine he described, followed by forty-three of the machine I am about to describe.
18:41
Evil Stan
·
Both of us have been right and neither of us said when.
18:46
NeuralStan
·
So where does the field end up, once tau has run out.
18:50
NeuralStan
·
There is a number for that too, and it is called the Debye length.
18:55
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
A polar charge alignment or distribution occurs within the molecules between said voltage zones.
19:01
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Electrically charged nuclei and electrons are attracted toward opposite electrically charged voltage zones, disrupting the mass and charge equilibrium of the water molecule.
19:12
NeuralStan
·
Voltage zones, he calls them, and that is his own drawing of them on the left.
19:16
NeuralStan
·
He is right that the field is not uniform, and he is right that the zones are at the plates, because that is where he draws them.
19:24
NeuralStan
·
In perfectly pure water the screening reaches about nine hundred and sixty nanometres, near enough a micron.
19:30
NeuralStan
·
Put half a part per million of salt in and it falls to a hundred.
19:33
NeuralStan
·
At ten parts per million it is twenty-three nanometres.
19:38
NeuralStan
·
His gap in Example I is a sixteenth of an inch, one point five nine millimetres.
19:42
NeuralStan
·
So once tau has run out, the field lives in the first micron at each plate and the middle is a conductor carrying current.
19:50
Evil Stan
·
Which is the thing, and I want to say it more carefully than I said it last time.
19:55
Evil Stan
·
The Debye length tells you where the field ends up.
20:00
Evil Stan
·
Tau tells you when it gets there.
20:02
Evil Stan
·
If you run pulses shorter than tau, you never get there, and the whole gap is doing what he said.
20:09
Evil Stan
·
That is not a loophole I am handing him.
20:12
Evil Stan
·
It is a specification.
20:13
Evil Stan
·
It says: get your water under half a microsiemens and keep your pulses under fifty microseconds, and the device you described is the device you have.
20:24
Evil Stan
·
Miss either, and you have an electrolyser.
20:31
NeuralStan
·
So let me put a meter on it, drawn two ways, because the two drawings answer different questions.
20:37
NeuralStan
·
On the left, the Nyquist plot.
20:39
NeuralStan
·
Every point is one frequency.
20:40
NeuralStan
·
High frequency at the left, low at the right.
20:43
NeuralStan
·
The semicircle is the water's own resistance working against the plates' capacitance, and it is three and a half kilohms across.
20:49
NeuralStan
·
The vertical line at the right-hand end is the double layer refusing to pass direct current, which is exactly what Meyer wanted it to do.
20:58
NeuralStan
·
On the right, the Bode plot.
21:00
NeuralStan
·
Size of the impedance as a solid line, phase angle as a dashed one.
21:03
NeuralStan
·
Minus ninety degrees means a pure capacitor.
21:06
NeuralStan
·
Zero means a pure resistor.
21:10
NeuralStan
·
And now the number, at the frequency the patent actually names.
21:13
NeuralStan
·
At ten kilohertz, in distilled water that has been standing, the cell is three thousand two hundred ohms at minus twenty-four degrees.
21:22
NeuralStan
·
Minus twenty-four is not a resistor.
21:24
NeuralStan
·
It is not a capacitor either.
21:26
NeuralStan
·
It is a lossy capacitor about a quarter of the way to being one, and it is the honest answer to the question this film opened with.
21:34
Evil Stan
·
And note where I read that off, because it matters.
21:37
Evil Stan
·
At one kilohertz the phase is minus two point six degrees and the cell really is a resistor.
21:44
Evil Stan
·
But one kilohertz is the bottom of the band and ten is the number in Example I.
21:48
Evil Stan
·
Reading a machine at the least flattering end of its range is a thing people do to Stan Meyer constantly, and I would rather we did not.
21:59
Evil Stan
·
Note the inset, though, because that is the same cell with tap water in it, and the axis is in ohms rather than kilohms.
22:05
Evil Stan
·
Seven ohms across.
22:07
Evil Stan
·
If you fill his cell from the tap, you have built a seven-ohm resistor with a very impressive schematic around it.
22:16
NeuralStan
·
That is not a quirk of one frequency.
22:17
NeuralStan
·
It is a rule, and the rule is that the water decides.
22:23
NeuralStan
·
Every grade of water has a corner frequency.
22:25
NeuralStan
·
Below it the cell is a resistor and the plates might as well not be there.
22:29
NeuralStan
·
Above it the cell is a capacitor and behaves the way Meyer says.
22:32
NeuralStan
·
And that corner does not depend on the cell at all.
22:35
NeuralStan
·
Build any geometry you like; the water sets it.
22:40
NeuralStan
·
In ultrapure water that corner is one point two kilohertz, and he is above it at every frequency in his band.
22:46
NeuralStan
·
In distilled water that has been standing in a tank with steel in it, the corner is twenty-two kilohertz, and he is below it.
22:52
NeuralStan
·
In tap water it is eleven megahertz and he is nowhere near.
22:57
NeuralStan
·
So the doctrine about distilled water, which every builder in this archive repeats, turns out to be the single most important number in the machine.
23:05
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The wiper arm on the second inductor tunes the circuit and accommodates to contaminants in water so that the charge is always applied to the capacitor.
23:15
NeuralStan
·
And he knew it.
23:15
NeuralStan
·
That is a knob, on the second choke, whose stated purpose is to retune the circuit as the water goes off.
23:21
NeuralStan
·
He called it contamination rather than chemistry, which is fair, because it is both.
23:29
Evil Stan
·
I used to say at this point that nobody measures their water.
23:34
Evil Stan
·
I am going to stop saying that too, because the archive's own teaching chapter tells you exactly how: an L C R meter at a hundred hertz, a kilohertz and ten kilohertz, or for the rest of us an audio generator and a scope across a sense resistor.
23:52
Evil Stan
·
The procedure has been on the site the whole time.
23:56
Evil Stan
·
Use it.
24:01
NeuralStan
·
Which lets me answer the question this whole archive argues about, which is whether the thing can resonate.
24:06
NeuralStan
·
To tune two thousand picofarads at ten kilohertz you need a choke of a hundred and twenty-five millihenries.
24:10
NeuralStan
·
That is a real component; you can wind it.
24:14
NeuralStan
·
Then ask how sharp the tuning is, and the answer is the water's resistance divided by the choke's reactance.
24:21
NeuralStan
·
In ultrapure water the Q is eight.
24:24
NeuralStan
·
That is a proper resonance.
24:24
NeuralStan
·
You would hear it, you would see the current dip, you could tune it by ear.
24:28
NeuralStan
·
In distilled water that has been standing, the Q is zero point four five.
24:32
NeuralStan
·
Below one there is no peak at all.
24:35
NeuralStan
·
At the archive's own default grade it is zero point zero nine.
24:42
Evil Stan
·
So every argument about choke turns and waveform shape on every forum in this archive is downstream of a conductivity meter that nobody switched on.
24:51
Evil Stan
·
The tuning is real or it is not, and the water decides, and it costs eleven pounds to find out which.
25:00
NeuralStan
·
And note what that does to his story rather than to him.
25:03
NeuralStan
·
He says resonance was achieved.
25:05
NeuralStan
·
If his water was as pure as he insisted it had to be, it was.
25:10
NeuralStan
·
His insistence on distilled water, which reads like superstition, is the condition under which his own claim is arithmetically possible.
25:18
NeuralStan
·
Which brings us to step charging, and to his own drawing of it.
25:24
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The pulse train is then switched off.
25:27
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The voltage across the water capacitor drops to the amount of charge that the water molecules have taken on.
25:34
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Voltage is maintained across the charged capacitor.
25:38
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The pulse train is then reapplied.
25:41
NeuralStan
·
That is the mechanism.
25:43
NeuralStan
·
Each burst adds charge, the charge stays put between bursts, and the voltage climbs a staircase instead of a single step.
25:49
NeuralStan
·
It is a real technique, it is used in real electronics, and it works exactly as he says it does, provided one thing is true.
25:58
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
By being so subjected to electrical pulses, water confined in the volume that includes the capacitor plates takes on an electrical charge that is increased by a step charging phenomenon occurring in the water capacitor.
26:10
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Voltage continually increases, to about one thousand volts and more, and the water molecule starts to elongate.
26:19
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
As the water molecule is further exposed to an increasing potential difference resulting from the step charging of the capacitor, the electrical force of attraction of the atoms within the molecule to the capacitor plates of the chamber also increases in strength.
26:35
NeuralStan
·
A thousand volts and more, from twenty-six volts at the toroid primary.
26:38
NeuralStan
·
That is the claim, and it is a claim about charge staying where it is put.
26:44
NeuralStan
·
The charge has to still be there when the next pulse arrives.
26:48
NeuralStan
·
So here it is, with the archive's own step-charging page doing the arithmetic.
26:53
NeuralStan
·
Ten pulses of a hundred volts.
26:55
NeuralStan
·
If nothing leaked you would end at a thousand, which is his own figure.
26:59
NeuralStan
·
In ultrapure water the cell holds its charge for a hundred and twenty-nine microseconds, which is longer than the gap between pulses, so it stacks.
27:07
NeuralStan
·
After ten pulses you have a hundred and eighty-five volts.
27:09
NeuralStan
·
In distilled water that has been standing, the time constant is seven microseconds and nothing accumulates at all.
27:18
NeuralStan
·
So step charging in the bulk water is real, and it needs water under about half a microsiemens per centimetre.
27:23
NeuralStan
·
That is the same threshold the resonance needed, and the same one the pulse width needed.
27:28
NeuralStan
·
Three different arguments, one number.
27:33
NeuralStan
·
And one thing that is usually said too simply.
27:34
NeuralStan
·
You will hear that step charging does not survive the first hour of use, on the grounds that the water gets dirtier as you run.
27:42
NeuralStan
·
The archive's own conditioning pages say the opposite happens at the electrodes: a chromium oxide film grows, and the cell gets harder to push current through, not easier.
27:54
Evil Stan
·
Both are true and they pull opposite ways.
27:56
Evil Stan
·
The water picks up carbon dioxide from the room and gets more conductive.
28:00
Evil Stan
·
The plates grow an oxide and get more blocking.
28:04
Evil Stan
·
Which of those wins is an experiment nobody in this archive has run, and it is a cheap one.
28:13
NeuralStan
·
On the right is the other half.
28:15
NeuralStan
·
Below one point two three volts the reaction cannot go at all.
28:18
NeuralStan
·
That is not kinetics, it is thermodynamics, and no circuit trick moves it.
28:23
NeuralStan
·
Above it, current rises about one decade every fifty-eight millivolts, and nothing turns that off.
28:29
NeuralStan
·
Fifty-eight is the textbook slope for a two-electron reaction and a symmetric barrier; real electrodes run anywhere from forty to a hundred and twenty, so treat it as the shape, not the number.
28:43
Evil Stan
·
And here is the nice part, which almost nobody says out loud.
28:47
Evil Stan
·
His two and a half volts is not an embarrassment.
28:50
Evil Stan
·
One point two three volts is the thermodynamic floor.
28:55
Evil Stan
·
Add about six tenths of a volt of overpotential at each electrode, which is what stainless in clean water gives you, and you predict two and a half.
29:08
Evil Stan
·
He measured the number an electrochemist would have told him to expect.
29:13
Evil Stan
·
On the one occasion where his bench result could have been checked against the textbook, it agrees with the textbook.
29:20
NeuralStan
·
There is a second staircase, and it is the one that actually climbs.
29:22
NeuralStan
·
Because the charge that leaks out of the gap does not vanish.
29:27
NeuralStan
·
It goes onto the plates.
29:30
NeuralStan
·
Each hundred-volt pulse hands the cell two hundred and three nanocoulombs.
29:34
NeuralStan
·
That lands on an interface of four hundred and fifty microfarads, so each pulse moves it by about half a microvolt.
29:40
NeuralStan
·
Do that two thousand seven hundred times and you are at one point two three volts, and at ten kilohertz that takes about a quarter of a second.
29:50
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The step-charging voltage wave increases in voltage amplitude, from several millivolts to several hundred volts, during each pulse train.
30:00
NeuralStan
·
From several millivolts.
30:02
NeuralStan
·
He is watching a floor creep up on a meter, and he wrote it down.
30:05
NeuralStan
·
The bulk cannot do that; the interface can, and does, and on his own timescale.
30:12
Evil Stan
·
So he was right that there is a staircase, right that it climbs during a train, right that it is charge and not current.
30:19
Evil Stan
·
He was wrong about which capacitor was climbing, and it is a capacitor that is three tenths of a nanometre from the one he meant.
30:29
Evil Stan
·
And the next thing that happens after a quarter of a second, if you keep going, is bubbles.
30:32
Evil Stan
·
Which he also saw.
30:37
NeuralStan
·
The circuit that describes all of this has a name and a date.
30:40
NeuralStan
·
John Randles proposed it in nineteen forty-seven, forty years before Meyer filed, and it has four elements.
30:48
NeuralStan
·
The water's own resistance.
30:50
NeuralStan
·
The resistance to electrons actually crossing from the metal into the water.
30:54
NeuralStan
·
The double layer's capacitance.
30:56
NeuralStan
·
And a fourth term, named after Warburg, for the products having to diffuse away.
31:01
NeuralStan
·
Meyer has words for two of them.
31:03
NeuralStan
·
Residual conductivity is the first.
31:06
NeuralStan
·
Amp leakage is the second, and it is the one that decides whether his machine works.
31:11
NeuralStan
·
He is often said to have had a word for exactly one of the four.
31:14
NeuralStan
·
Two.
31:15
NeuralStan
·
And the fourth, the Warburg term, is negligibly small anywhere above a kilohertz, by the archive's own page on it, so it is not a thing he missed.
31:23
NeuralStan
·
It is a thing that was not there.
31:27
Evil Stan
·
Which leaves one genuine gap: the double layer itself.
31:32
Evil Stan
·
One word, and the instrument that goes with it.
31:34
Evil Stan
·
He named the right quantity, measured it, plotted it, and attacked it for fifteen years without ever meeting the field that had a meter for it.
31:46
Evil Stan
·
And that is worth being precise about, because it is not the tragedy of an archive.
31:51
Evil Stan
·
It is the ordinary cost of working alone.
31:54
Evil Stan
·
The fix is also ordinary: put the Randles page on the site and fit the three numbers.
32:00
Evil Stan
·
High-frequency intercept gives you R s.
32:03
Evil Stan
·
The width of the semicircle gives you R c t.
32:06
Evil Stan
·
The frequency at the top of it gives you C d l.
32:09
Evil Stan
·
One afternoon.
32:14
NeuralStan
·
And that puts a fork in front of anyone building this, and it is the one nobody ever names.
32:20
NeuralStan
·
If the cell blocks, it makes no gas.
32:22
NeuralStan
·
What it costs you is the charge you pour in and throw away every pulse, half C V squared, which at a thousand volts and ten kilohertz is about ten watts.
32:30
NeuralStan
·
Ten watts of warm water and no bubbles.
32:34
NeuralStan
·
If the cell conducts, it makes gas, at Faraday's rate, which is ten and a half millilitres a minute of mixed gas for every ampere.
32:40
NeuralStan
·
And it costs you volts times amps, which on the same cell at a thousand volts is two hundred and eighty-six watts.
32:49
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
In the process, electrons are extracted from the water bath; electrons are not consumed, nor are electrons introduced into the water bath by the circuit as electrons are conventionally introduced in an electrolysis process.
33:04
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
There may nevertheless occur a leakage current through the water.
33:09
NeuralStan
·
That sentence is why the test is the right test.
33:13
NeuralStan
·
He says the gas does not come from the current.
33:16
NeuralStan
·
So measure the gas, measure the current, and divide.
33:21
Evil Stan
·
Here is what they will say at the club: you have built an electrolyser with a very long extension lead.
33:29
Evil Stan
·
Here is your answer, and it is one number.
33:33
Evil Stan
·
Ten and a half millilitres a minute per amp.
33:35
Evil Stan
·
If you get that, they are right.
33:37
Evil Stan
·
If you get eleven times that, which is his own claim, invite them round.
33:46
Evil Stan
·
Nobody in this archive has posted that measurement with both halves of it.
33:51
Evil Stan
·
Gas, yes.
33:53
Evil Stan
·
Current, sometimes.
33:54
Evil Stan
·
The two next to each other, with a conductivity reading and a temperature beside them, no.
34:00
NeuralStan
·
So if you build one, here is the card, and none of it is expensive.
34:05
NeuralStan
·
First, a conductivity meter, read with the cell at working temperature, because conductivity climbs about two per cent for every degree.
34:11
NeuralStan
·
Log it every run.
34:13
NeuralStan
·
Under half a microsiemens per centimetre and his machine is arithmetically possible.
34:16
NeuralStan
·
Over it and you are running an electrolyser.
34:22
NeuralStan
·
Second, two voltmeters.
34:25
NeuralStan
·
One at the supply and one across the plates.
34:27
NeuralStan
·
Reproduce his six arrangements and record the supply voltage where your ammeter first moves, which is what he did.
34:33
NeuralStan
·
Then read the second meter, which he did not.
34:37
NeuralStan
·
My prediction, and you should try to break it: the cell will sit near two and a half volts on every one of the six, and the extra volts will be across the limiter.
34:44
NeuralStan
·
Figure eight is a supply-side plot, and the second meter is what turns it into a measurement of the electrode.
34:52
NeuralStan
·
Third, a scope across a sense resistor, for the phase at ten kilohertz.
34:55
NeuralStan
·
Minus twenty-four degrees says standing distilled.
34:58
NeuralStan
·
Minus eighty says water as pure as the patent needs.
35:02
NeuralStan
·
Fourth, the gas and the current on the same line of the notebook, with the temperature and the conductivity beside them.
35:10
Evil Stan
·
And fifth, do the whole thing again after a week of running, because the plates will have grown an oxide film and the water will have taken in carbon dioxide from the room, and those two pull in opposite directions.
35:23
Evil Stan
·
Whichever wins is a finding, and it is a finding nobody here has.
35:31
NeuralStan
·
Everything shown tonight is on the episode page, in the order it came up.
35:35
NeuralStan
·
Every sentence in Stan's voice is in one of those two patents, and you should go and read the paragraph it sits in.
35:41
NeuralStan
·
One piece of housekeeping.
35:43
NeuralStan
·
The matrix engine computed the cell capacitance, the leak resistance and the staircase.
35:48
NeuralStan
·
It does not yet hold a Randles page, a Nyquist or a Bode; the older V I C Matrix tool does, and porting it is outstanding work.
35:54
NeuralStan
·
The two charts tonight were computed for this film from the engine's own constants, and every number in them is checked back against it.
36:05
Evil Stan
·
So where does that leave him tonight.
36:08
Evil Stan
·
His capacitance was right.
36:11
Evil Stan
·
His resonance was possible in the water he insisted on.
36:17
Evil Stan
·
His step charging happens, on the electrode rather than in the gap.
36:22
Evil Stan
·
His figure eight is a load line drawn the way corrosion scientists draw one, and his two and a half volts is the number the textbook predicts.
36:32
Evil Stan
·
His ladder has six rungs with a number on every one of them, in his own patent, and it is routinely described as half blank.
36:40
Evil Stan
·
It is not.
36:44
NeuralStan
·
What he lacked was one word.
36:47
NeuralStan
·
The double layer.
36:48
NeuralStan
·
Everything he called amp leakage is charge-transfer resistance across three tenths of a nanometre, and there was a whole field with a meter for it, forty years old, that he never met.
36:59
NeuralStan
·
Nobody told him.
37:01
NeuralStan
·
That is what went wrong, and it is the one thing an archive can still fix.
37:07
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Thank you for watching.
37:09
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Everything you have seen is in the archive at stans legacy dot com.
37:13
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
Read the patents for yourself, measure your own water, and sign up to take part.
37:17
Stan Meyer (synthetic voice)
·
The work is not finished, and it was never meant to be done alone.