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Cell Capacitance
...fied): 1/Ctotal = 1/Cedl,anode + 1/Cgeo + 1/Cedl,cathode For Practical V ...al with EDL: 1/Ctotal = 1/Cgeo + 2/Cedl (Factor of 2 because bo ...500 µF = 2.5 mF 1/C = 1/7.08nF + 2/2.5mF ≈ 1/7.08nF Ctotal ≈ 7.08 nF (EDL negligible) Measuring WFC Capa...
Cole-Cole Model
...mplex Permittivity: ε*(ω) = ε∞ + (εs - ε∞) / [1 + (jωτ)(1-α)] Where: ε∞ = hig ...sed as impedance: ZCC = R / [1 + (jωτ)(1-α)] This can be repres ...Capacitance: Ceff(ω) = C0 × [1 + (ωτ)2(1-α)]-1/2 At low frequency: Ceff → C0 (full capacitance) At...
EDL in WFC
...gh (10 kHz - 1 MHz) Solution R + geometric C RC network behavio ...plified Model: 1/Ceff = 1/Cgeo + 1/Cdl,eff Where Cdl,eff is the ...conductivity Increases with T +2% per °C EDL thickness Increa ...ses with T +0.2% per °C Reaction rate Incr...
EDL Capacitance
...apacitances: 1/Ctotal = 1/Cgeo + 1/Cedl,anode + 1/Cedl,cathode Where: Cgeo ...pacitance: 1/Ctotal = 1/7.08nF + 1/2.5mF + 1/2.5mF Ctotal ≈ 7.08 nF (EDL contribution is negligible when Cedl >> Cgeo) When EDL Matters Most The EDL capacitance becomes...
Secondary Side
... L2 │ │ (+) │ ... (−) V_C1 ────▶ [ L2 + R2 ] ────▶ [ WFC ] ────▶ V_WFC ...or: QL2 = (2π × f₀ × L2) / (R2 + Rwfc) Where Rwfc is the effect ...of the WFC (solution resistance + losses). Total Voltage Magnifi...
Buck and Boost Converters
...ts. For example, if you have a +12V rail from an ATX power suppl ...ents of each circuit stage. The +5V and +12V outputs from an ATX power supply can be adapted to meet specific needs using buck or boost converters. However, ensuring a stable ground refer...
2 Arduino - Dual Channel - Triple AND Gate (Perfect Pulse Driver)
...Supply: ATX is ideal, providing +5V REG and +12V REG. 2N7000 Signal MOSFETs: ...ower Connections VCC (Pin 3) → +12V REG VSS (Pin 12) → GND Input Connections LIN (Pin 11) → Arduino PWM pin (as per script) HIN (Pin 10) → Arduino PWM pin (as per scr...
8-4 - State Space (Sp)
... next Voltage Pulse-Field (Vpfa + Vpfb + Vpfc + Vpfn) is determined by the total average of the number of applied Voltage-Pulses (Vp ave.) making up opposite Voltage Pulse Train (583/602a xxx 583/602n) in synchronous movement. Generally speaking, Arc Curv...
Instant Explosion of Water
...rcuit impedance interaction (R1 + Z2 + Z3 + Re), as mathematically extrapolated in Circuit Equation (Eq 9) (55) of Figure (3-22) ... Diode (55) being placed between Secondary Pickup Coil (52) and Resonant Charging Choke (56) to act as an electr...
Glossary of Terms
...Temperature T: R(T) = R₂₀ × [1 + α(T - 20)] Example (Copper wir ...Ω at 20°C At 50°C: R = 10 × [1 + 0.00393(50-20)] = 10 × 1.118 = ...11.18 Ω At 80°C: R = 10 × [1 + 0.00393(80-20)] = 10 × 1.236 = 12.36 Ω Magnet Wire Specifications Magnet wire has ...
Water Molecule Bonds
...these are the hydronium ion (H3O+) and the hydroxide ion (OH-). ...Hydronium ion (H3O+): In the presence of an acid, a ...er molecule can gain a proton (H+) to become a hydronium ion. Thi ... simplified in equations as H2O + H+ -> H3O+. Hydroxide ion (OH-...
Resonant Charging
...ce │ │ + │ ┌─────┐ ─┴─ ...d case): VC,max = Vsource × (1 + e-πR/(2√(L/C))) VC,max = Vsour ...ce × (1 + e-π/(2Q)) Approximation for high Q: VC,max ≈ 2Vsource × (1 - π/(4Q)) Voltage Gain vs. Q Factor Q Factor ...
Resonant Matching
...arallel with WFC Ctotal = Cwfc + Ctune If Cwfc is too high: Ad ...less common) 1/Ctotal = 1/Cwfc + 1/Cseries Impedance Matching C ...√(L₂/C) ☐ Estimate Rtotal (DCR + solution R) ☐ Calculate Q = Z₀/R ☐ Build circuit and measure actual resonance ☐ F...
Water Properties
...uit Q: Qtotal = 2πfL / (Rchoke + Rsol + Rother) Example Impact: Water Type Rsol Q (if Rchoke=5Ω) Distilled (σ=5 µS/cm) ~400 Ω Q ≈ 1.5 Tap (σ=500 µS/cm) ~4 Ω Q ≈ 70 Electrolyte (σ=20000 µS/cm) ~0.1 Ω Q ≈ 125 Insight: Very pure water h...
Choke Fundamentals
...e): L = (N²μ₀A)/l = (N²r²)/(9r + 10l) µH Where r and l are in i ...losses Core losses (hysteresis + eddy currents) Self-Resonant Frequency (SRF) Every inductor has parasitic capacitance between turns and layers: SRF = 1 / (2π√(LCparasitic)) Design...
Core Permeability
...total = μ * N_1^2 * A / (2 * l) + μ * N_2^2 * A / (2 * l) where ... values: A = (0.0000006475 m^2 + 0.0000005067 m^2) / 2 = 0.0000005771 m^2 Substituting this value, we get: μ = 1.56 × 10^-3 H/m Next, let's use the equation for the inductance of the ...
LM317 as a Variable Power Supply: 0-35V Adjustable Voltage
...ing formula: Vout = 1.25V × (1 + R2 / R1) + Iadj × R2 Where: R1 is the fixed resistor (typically 240Ω). R2 is the resistance of the potentiometer, which varies as you adjust it. Iadj is a small adjustment current (typically ignored for most ...
Atomic Interaction to Voltage Stimulation
...ng positive electrical charges (+). In stable electrical state, ...ositive charged hydrogen atoms (++) equaling the negative charged oxygen atom (--) forms a "no" net electrical charged molecule of water. Only the unlike atoms of the water molecule exhi...
Electron Bounce Phenomenon
...d across each Pickup Coils (VpT + Vp1 + Vp2) Distributed Capacitance (Cda xxx Cdn) of Figure (7-3) equations Eq 28 thru Eq 30 Where, (M) is the mutual inductance expressed in the same units as (La), (La) is the total inductance ofPrimary coil...
PLL Control
... rise f₀ increases (εr drops) +0.2%/°C Gas bubble formation f ...₀ increases (C drops) +2-10% Water level change f₀ changes (C changes) Variable Core temperature rise f₀ may shift (μ changes) ±1% A PLL can continuously adjust the drive frequenc...